厦门市森林生态系统固碳服务评估

生态系统固碳服务是生态系统服务评估的重要指标之一,也是区域碳循环研究的重要组成部分,可以为减缓气候变化的区域碳管理提供决策依据.以厦门市森林生态系统为研究对象,选取VPM（Vegetation Photosynthesis Model）和ReRSM（Remote Sensing Model for Ecosystem Respiration）评估其2015年的固碳服务,并阐明其固碳服务的时空变异.结果表明:2015年厦门市森林生态系统固碳量（以C计）为31.36×104 t/a,平均固碳量为644.86 g/（m2·a）,其时间动态总体呈单峰曲线分布,但受台风影响该曲线波动较大.厦门市森林生态系统固碳量空间格局总体表现为西北边缘地区较高、其他地区相对较低,与DEM的空间分布较为相似,且绝大部分区域为碳汇区.厦门市分区统计显示,同安区森林生态系统面积和固碳量均最大,分别占厦门市总量的52.58%和57.10%,其与翔安区、集美区的固碳量之和占厦门市总量的88.27%,是厦门市森林生态系统固碳的主体;湖里区固碳量最少,平均固碳量仅为14.25 g/（m2·a）,几乎为碳中性.研究显示,厦门市森林生态系统具有较好的固碳能力.      

基于典型相关系数和随机森林的水质预警方法

针对突发水污染事件提出一种高精度的预警方法.首先,通过模拟实验建立包含22种常见污染物的突发水污染事件数据库,然后采用典型相关系数准确揭示污染事件发生后多元水质参数之间的协同反馈规律.最后,基于多参数协同反馈规律构建“典型相关系数-随机森林”水质预警模型.结果表明预警模型对已知和未知污染物的平均准报率分别为96.78%和98.33%,对水质监测基线的平均误报率为0.16%.本研究成果可为降低突发水污染事件损失和保障供水安全提供有效的技术支撑.     

基于价值取向的城市森林游憩服务需求研究

在调查南京城市森林游憩者的基础上,以森林价值取向为预测变量,对城市森林游憩服务需求进行了研究.研究表明,市民的森林价值取向包括生态取向、健康取向、文化取向、产品取向和消极取向五种类型;城市森林游憩服务需求则包括基本需求、拓展需求和个性需求三个层次.通过典型相关分析发现,对森林资源持“健康”、“文化”和“生态”价值取向的市民对森林游憩的“基本服务”需求明显,更重视森林的自然和文化环境保护;而持有“产品”和“消极”取向的市民,则希望森林游憩地能提供更多“拓展”和“个性”服务.在此基础上,提出了积极引导城市森林游憩者的政策建议.     

修正的BP神经网络森林火灾成灾面积预测研究

以1997-2012年《中国林业统计年鉴》的全国森林火灾成灾面积为依据,应用BP神经网络模型对成灾面积进行了预测,对预测方法进行了检验.在此基础上,利用残差提出了修正的BP神经网络模型,并对预测方法进行了改进.研究结果表明,修正的BP神经网络预测精度高于BP神经网络,预测相对误差平均为7.2％,可应用于森林火灾成灾面积的预测.     

黄土丘陵区人工刺槐林土壤有机碳矿化特征及其与有机碳组分的关系

为了探讨黄土丘陵区人工林有机碳矿化特征及有机碳组分变化规律,选择恢复13 a的人工刺槐林以及临近坡耕地为研究对象,开展3种不同温度处理(15、25和35℃)下的室内培养实验.结果表明,土壤有机碳矿化速率表现出先剧烈下降后平稳的趋势;有机碳累计释放量表现为培养初期增加迅速,后期逐渐缓慢;坡耕地土壤有机碳矿化对温度的变化更为敏感,其温度敏感性系数Q₁₀为1.52,而刺槐林地仅为1.38.通过单库一级动力学方程拟合可知刺槐林地和坡耕地土壤矿化潜力C_p分别在2.02～4.32g·kg^-1和1.25～3.17g·kg^-1之间,即刺槐林的矿化潜力更高.培养期内各种活性有机碳组分含量变化规律一致,均表现为随时间延长而下降,且刺槐林地大于坡耕地,土壤累计碳释放量与MBC和DOC含量均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),Q₁₀(15～25℃)与SOC、 EOC含量和SWC均呈线性关系(P<0.05).研究结果可为气候变化下黄土丘陵区土壤碳固存研究提供一定参考.     

Extending the EU Renewable Energy Directive sustainability criteria to solid bioenergy from forests

Solid bioenergy from forests plays — and is expected to continue to play — a key role to fulfil the renewable energy targets at the European Union level. When the Renewable Energy Directive was enacted, sustainability criteria were incorporated solely for biofuels and bioliquids. Sustainability criteria for solid bioenergy are also needed in order to prevent wood and primary forest residues from posing additional environmental risks to ecosystems. Acknowledging this, the European Commission has been working on extending the biofuels and bioliquids provisions to solid biomass. An internal draft was circulated in August 2013 which addressed the ways to both balance and mitigate the risks in three main topics: biodiversity; sustainable forest management; and greenhouse gases. This paper presents a set of criteria and indicators, developed during workshops with experts from Governments, scientific institutions, businesses and NGOs, that may be considered by the EU to assure that solid biomass from forests is obtained in an environmentally sustainable way.     

基于高光谱遥感的镉污染潜在风险估算

为探究高光谱遥感快速监测镉污染的可行性,本文利用2002年以来农田土壤重金属镉实测数据,镉的标准原子光谱曲线数据,HSI(Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer)高光谱遥感卫星数据,选取长江流域10个地区作为研究区,基于随机森林法估算镉污染的潜在风险空间分布值。结果表明:通过原子标准光谱曲线选择特征波段是可行的,能够极大简化特征波段选取流程;随机森林法具有估算土壤重金属镉含量的能力,预测准确度较高;长江流域镉污染超标问题普遍存在,大部分研究区超标率高于8%,其中上游地区镉污染较中下游地区更为严重,上游研究区镉污染超标率均大于20%。     

Mercury accumulation and dynamics in montane forests along an elevation gradient in Southwest China

Understanding atmospheric mercury (Hg) accumulation in remote montane forests is critical to assess the Hg ecological risk to wildlife and human health. To quantify impacts of vegetation, climatic and topographic factors on Hg accumulation in montane forests, we assessed the Hg distribution and stoichiometric relations among Hg, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) in four forest types along the elevation of Mt. Gongga. Our results show that Hg concentration in plant tissues follows the descending order of litter > leaf, bark > root > branch > bole wood, indicating the importance of atmospheric Hg uptake by foliage for Hg accumulation in plants. The foliar Hg/C (from 237.0 ± 171.4 to 56.8 ± 27.7 µg/kg) and Hg/N (from 7.5 ± 3.9 to 2.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg) both decrease along the elevation. These elevation gradients are caused by the heterogeneity of vegetation uptake of atmospheric Hg and the variation of atmospheric Hg° concentrations at different altitudes. Organic soil Hg accumulation is controlled by forest types, topographic and climatic factors, with the highest concentration in the mixed forest (244.9 ± 55.7 µg/kg) and the lowest value in the alpine forest (151.9 ± 44.5 µg/kg). Further analysis suggests that soil Hg is positively correlated to C (r² = 0.66) and N (r² = 0.57), and Hg/C and Hg/N both increase with the soil depth. These stoichiometric relations highlight the combined effects from environmental and climatic factors which mediating legacy Hg accumulation and selective Hg absorption during processes of organic soil mineralization.     

Using soundscapes to detect variable degrees of human influence on tropical forests in Papua New Guinea

There is global concern about tropical forest degradation, in part, because of the associated loss of biodiversity. Communities and indigenous people play a fundamental role in tropical forest management and are often efficient at preventing forest degradation. However, monitoring changes in biodiversity due to degradation, especially at a scale appropriate to local tropical forest management, is plagued by difficulties, including the need for expert training, inconsistencies across observers, and lack of baseline or reference data. We used a new biodiversity remote‐sensing technology, the recording of soundscapes, to test whether the acoustic saturation of a tropical forest in Papua New Guinea decreases as land‐use intensity by the communities that manage the forest increases. We sampled soundscapes continuously for 24 hours at 34 sites in different land‐use zones of 3 communities. Land‐use zones where forest cover was fully retained had significantly higher soundscape saturation during peak acoustic activity times (i.e., dawn and dusk chorus) compared with land‐use types with fragmented forest cover. We conclude that, in Papua New Guinea, the relatively simple measure of soundscape saturation may provide a cheap, objective, reproducible, and effective tool for monitoring tropical forest deviation from an intact state, particularly if it is used to detect the presence of intact dawn and dusk choruses.     

Use of Historical Logging Patterns to Identify Disproportionately Logged Ecosystems within Temperate Rainforests of Southeastern Alaska

The forests of southeastern Alaska remain largely intact and contain a substantial proportion of Earth's remaining old‐growth temperate rainforest. Nonetheless, industrial‐scale logging has occurred since the 1950s within a relatively narrow range of forest types that has never been quantified at a regional scale. We analyzed historical patterns of logging from 1954 through 2004 and compared the relative rates of change among forest types, landform associations, and biogeographic provinces. We found a consistent pattern of disproportionate logging at multiple scales, including large‐tree stands and landscapes with contiguous productive old‐growth forests. The highest rates of change were among landform associations and biogeographic provinces that originally contained the largest concentrations of productive old growth (i.e., timber volume >46.6 m³/ha). Although only 11.9% of productive old‐growth forests have been logged region wide, large‐tree stands have been reduced by at least 28.1%, karst forests by 37%, and landscapes with the highest volume of contiguous old growth by 66.5%. Within some island biogeographic provinces, loss of rare forest types may place local viability of species dependent on old growth at risk of extirpation. Examination of historical patterns of change among ecological forest types can facilitate planning for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of forest resources. El Uso de Patrones Históricos de Tala para Identificar Ecosistemas Talados Desproporcionadamente en Bosques Lluviosos Templados del Sureste de Alaska Albert & Schoen 11‐839