Mobilisation and protest: environmental justice in Durban,South Africa

This paper examines the ability of civil society actors to champion environmental justice in an industrial risk society in South Africa by way of mobilisation and protest action. This paper presents viewpoints from key stakeholders at the Durban city level and three local case study sites to examine social capital relations to achieve environmental justice. It explores how civil society engages in social capital for mobilisation with itself and subsequent protest actions to engage with government and industry. The paper highlights that social actor response to engage in social capital for mobilisation and protests is best understood in relation to the socio-economic and political positioning of individuals or organisations.     

完善我国环境污染纠纷救济机制的法的思考

通过剖析我国现行环境污染救济制度的缺陷,文章注重从行政、刑事和民事等全方位救济手段入手,探讨完善我国环境污染纠纷救济制度的有效途径,以对我国相关立法尽绵薄之力。     

发展循环经济 开辟航空业新纪元

随着人们环保意识的逐渐增强,航空业所造成的环境和噪声污染已经越来越成为令人关注的重大问题。从5个方面介绍了发达国家航空业发展循环经济的经验,指出我国作为发展中国家,要正视与发达国家的差距,借鉴国外先进经验,转变观念、大胆创新,大力发展循环经济,开辟我国航空业的新纪元。     

试论汶川抗震救灾新特点

汶川大地震是建国以来震级最强、破坏性和救灾难度最大的一次自然灾害.面对如此巨灾大难,中国在救灾观念、政策、方式等方面进行创新,使汶川抗震救灾呈现出新特点:在救灾理念上突出以人为本;救灾信息公开透明;救灾方针强调开放性;救灾呈现国际性;救灾捐赠广泛性和多样性;注重心理救助;志愿者的广泛参与.汶川抗震救灾所形成的"政府主导,社会参与"的救灾机制对于中国救灾机制的创新和公民社会的发展都具有积极意义.     

A comparison of general aviation accidents involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots

Introduction: The extremely low accident rate for U.S air carriers relative to that of general aviation (∼1 and ∼60/million flight hours respectively) partly reflects advanced airman certification, more demanding recurrency training and stringent operational regulations. However, whether such skillset/training/regulations translate into improved safety for airline pilots operating in the general aviation environment is unknown and the aim of this study. Methods: Accidents (1998–2017) involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots (PPL-IFR) operating non-revenue light aircraft were identified from the NTSB accident database. An online survey informed general aviation flight exposure for both pilot cohorts. Statistics used proportion testing and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: In degraded visibility, 0 and 40% (χ² p = 0.043) of fatal accidents involving airline and PPL-IFR airmen were due to in-flight loss-of-control, respectively. For landing accidents, airline pilots were under-represented for mishaps related to airspeed mismanagement (p = 0.036) relative to PPL-IFR but showed a dis-proportionate count (2X) of ground loss-of-directional control accidents (p = 0.009) the latter likely reflecting a preference for tail-wheel aircraft. The proportion of FAA rule violation-related mishaps by airline pilots was >2X (7 vs. 3%) that for PPL-IFR airmen. Moreover, airline pilots showed a disproportionate (χ² p = 0.021) count of flights below legal minimum altitudes. Not performing an official preflight weather briefing or intentionally operating in instrument conditions without an IFR flight plan represented 43% of airline pilot accidents involving FAA rule infractions. Conclusions: These findings inform safety deficiencies for: (a) airline pilots, landing/ground operations in tail-wheel aircraft and lack of 14CFR 91 familiarization regulations regarding minimum operating altitudes and (b) PPL-IFR airmen in-flight loss-of-control and poor landing speed management. Practical Applications: For PPL-IFR airmen, training/recurrency should focus on unusual attitude recovery and managing approach speeds. Airline pilots should seek additional instructional time regarding landing tail-wheel aircraft and become familiar with 14CFR 91 rules covering minimum altitudes.     

火灾场景下民机客舱人员疏散仿真及优化

为研究民机撞地后燃油泄漏引发的火灾对客舱人员疏散的影响,采用PyroSim建立B737-800客舱火灾模型,综合分析客舱烟气蔓延、温度、CO浓度和能见度的变化,得到CO浓度直接影响各出口的可用安全疏散时间;用CabinEvacu仿真工具设置3种人员疏散方案,得到ASET约束下各出口的疏散人数;考虑客舱乘务在民机紧急事件下的引导作用,提出CabinEvacu的优化模型。研究结果表明:仿真结果有效提升客舱的疏散人数和出口逃生率,但依旧无法确保人员的全部撤离。该研究结果可为火灾场景下民机客舱人员疏散提供参考依据。     

基于灰色理论的民航燃油消耗量预测模型及应用

民航运输中燃油消耗量的精确预测对能源需求的科学规划和决策具有重要参考价值,针对民航燃油消耗量历史数据少的特点,通过灰色系统建模、关联度分析以及残差辨识,建立了民航燃油消耗量的灰色预测模型,以均方差比值和小误差概率两项评级指标,将预测结果与精度检验等级的对比分析表明灰色预测民航燃油消耗量的拟合精度高,预测结果较为可靠。     

固体径迹探测器与RAD-7测氡仪测定民用建筑工程室内氡浓度的比较

民用建筑工程室内氡的监测方法很多,其中固体径迹探测器法属于国标方法,RAD-7测氡仪法为近年来引进的仪器监测方法。本文对两种方法进行了比较,包括监测方法及原理、比对试验,并分析了2种方法的相关性、一致性和精度,以及两者在民用建筑工程室内氡验收监测的实际应用中的优缺点等,结果表明:以上两种方法从技术角度上讲,各有优点,均能满足一般室内空气中氡浓度的监测要求,虽然可利用固体径迹探测器法累积测量的结果来估算居住者受照剂量,进而评价氡的辐射危害,但因检验周期(至少30 d)过长,所以不适宜于工程检测;比较而言,RAD-7测氡仪的配置参数和测量方式更适宜于民用建筑工程的室内氡监测,已成为目前监测的主要方法,但在实际监测中,还需注意合理设置足够长的采样时间、湿度控制在10%以下、气路中残留气体的冲洗净化以及当初测值接近或超过《规范》规定的限量值时,有必要进一步延长监测时间进行跟踪监测等事项,以保证监测结果准确可靠。     

基于综合指数模型的航空装备安全评价

针对航空装备安全评价中存在的主观偏向性和指标难以定量描述等问题,选取飞行事故、地面事故、事故征候万时率及重大危险性故障数作为评价指标,采用层次分析法和熵值法组合的权重计算方法,建立基于综合指数的航空装备安全评价模型,以4个航空单位为例对其航空装备安全进行综合评价,验证了该模型的合理性和可靠性,为航空装备安全决策与控制措施提供了理论依据。     

基于动态贝叶斯网络的民航突发事件情景分析研究

航空运输重大突发事件的应急准备与处置存在问题,应急救援效果不甚理想。建立了基于灾害体、受灾体、孕灾环境以及抗灾体四要素的突发事件情景分析模型,并运用动态贝叶斯网络模型,构建了基于关键时间节点的突发事件情景演化模型。基于上述模型,以某航班降落时起落架故障的典型事件为例进行模型构建与分析,分析结果验证该模型运用于民航突发事件情景分析与评估的合理性和可行性。该模型为提高民航突发事件应急准备与处置能力提供了新的思路与方法。