应用HYDRUS-1D模型模拟农田土壤水渗漏及硝态氮淋失特征

在定位试验基础上,应用HYDRUS-1D模型对黄淮海平原典型土壤(黄潮土)中土壤水渗漏及硝态氮淋失动态进行了模拟分析。结果表明:在传统水氮管理模式下,黄潮土2m土体深处的土壤水渗漏和硝态氮淋失非常严重,2个轮作期内,土壤水渗漏总量占地表总入水量的23.7%,硝态氮淋失总量占总输入N量的15.9%,冬小麦生长季的硝态氮淋失量大于夏玉米生长季;改良灌溉和改良施肥模式下产生的硝态氮淋失量比传统灌溉和传统施肥模式减少74.7%,节约灌溉水211.5mm、节省施N423.5kg·hm-2。     

假单胞菌XD-1(Pseuomonas XD-1)的产表面活性剂性能研究

从含油废水中分离到1株表面活性剂产生菌,经鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseuomonassp.),命名为XD 1.对假单胞菌XD 1的产表面活性剂性能进行研究,实验结果表明,在正交优化的培养基中发酵培养时,菌XD 1可将培养液的表面张力从70 0mN·m-1降至30 2mN·m-1,其产表面活性剂方式为生长相关型;经提取分析,菌XD 1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类和糖脂类物质的混合物,脂肽类物质为主要成分;菌XD 1所产表面活性剂的CMC值为50mg·L-1,在pH=6 0时表面活性剂表现出最佳活性;菌XD 1所产表面活性剂主要积累在胞内特定的细胞器中,并在细胞壁上产生一层粘附的表面活性剂膜,膜厚140nm,在生长过程中,菌体会将细胞器和细胞壁上的表面活性剂释放到胞外.将培养72h的菌体浸入双蒸水中,6h后菌体能把积累在细胞器和细胞壁上的表面活性剂释放到水体中.     

物理化学法治理印染废水的研究

本文提出了两个治理印染废水的综合物化流程:(1)SE—J型絮凝剂絮凝→气浮→次氯酸钙氧化→炉渣吸附;(2)SE—型絮凝剂絮凝→气浮→活性炭吸附,并对每个处理过程进行了条件实验。实验结果表明:废水经流程(1)处理后,COD去除率达82—87%,色度去除率达88—92%,废水经流程(2)处理后,COD去除率达89—92%,色度去除率达97—98%。经两个流程处理后的出水水质分别接近或达到国家排放标准。     

合肥台CTS-1分析系统网络组建

本文阐述了利用UNIX和WIN98/2000互联的局域网技术,对CTS-1系统进行优化配置,组建CTS-1网络分析系统,实现CTS-1系统数据共享,提高地震分析的效率,确保数据备份。利用代理软件用一个MODEM让各个子机同时上网,同时充分利用台站现有的计算机设备,最大限度的实现地震监控、速报、分析以及地震研究的同时开展。     

Two-site kinetic modeling of bacteriophages transport through columns of saturated dune sand

Breakthrough curves, on a semi-log scale, from tests in porous media with block-input of viruses, bacteria, protozoa and colloidal particles often exhibit a typical skewness: a rather slowly rising limb and a smooth transition of a declining limb to a very long tail. One-site kinetic models fail to fit the rising and declining limbs together with the tail satisfactorily. Inclusion of an equilibrium adsorption site does not seem to improve simulation results. This was encountered in the simulation of breakthrough curves from a recent field study on the removal of bacteriophages MS2 and PRD1 by passage through dune sand. In the present study, results of laboratory experiments for the study of this issue are presented. Breakthrough curves of salt and bacteriophages MS2, PRDI, and phiX174 in 1 D column experiments have been measured. One- and two-site kinetic models have been applied to fit and predict breakthrough curves from column experiments. The two-site model fitted all breakthrough curves very satisfactorily, accounting for the skewness of the rising limb as well as for the smooth transition of the declining limb to the tail of the breakthrough curve. The one-site model does not follow the curvature of the breakthrough tail, leading to an overestimation of the inactivation rate coefficient for attached viruses. Interaction with kinetic site 1 is characterized by relatively fast attachment and slow detachment, whereas attachment to and detachment from kinetic site 2 is fast. Inactivation of viruses and interaction with kinetic site 2 provide only a minor contribution to removal. Virus removal is mainly determined by the attachment to site 1. Bacteriophage phiX174 attached more than MS2 and PRD1, which can be explained by the greater electrostatic repulsion that MS2 and PRD1 experience compared to the less negatively charged phiX174.     

Ein Indikator für den Einsatz gef?hrlicher Stoffe in Produkten und Prozessen: Monoethylenglykol-?quivalente

Zusammenfassung  Zur Quantifizierung des Gefahrstoffeinsatzes in der Produktion ist im Rahmen der integrierten ?kologischen Bewertung des ?ko-Institutes (EcoGrade) eine eigene Methodik entwickelt worden. Indikator für den Gefahrstoffeinsatz sind Monoethylenglykol (‘MEG’)-?quivalente. Sie erm?glichen einen direkten, schadstoffbezogenen Prozess- und Produktvergleich (Bunke 2001). Die Bewertung basiert auf den R-S?tzen (Gefahrenhinweise) der Inhaltsstoffe. Die Methodik der MEG-?quivalente stellt eine Weiterentwicklung und Anwendung des Wirkfaktorenmodells der Technischen Regel für Gefahrstoffe (TRGS) 440 dar (AGS 2001). Die zur Bewertung erforderlichen Daten sind im Unternehmen vorhanden (Sicherheitsdatenbl?tter) bzw. ?ffentlich leicht zug?nglich (Gefahrstoffdatenbanken). Die Bilanzierung von Gefahrstoffen mit Hilfe der hier vorgestellten Methode erm?glicht es auch, in ?kobilanziellen Untersuchungen systematisch den Gefahrstoffeinsatz zu berücksichtigen. Die Methodik ist am Beispiel von Wohngeb?uden erprobt worden. Anmerkung: Als Gefahrstoffe, Schadstoffe, gef?hrliche Inhaltsstoffe bzw. gef?hrliche Stoffe werden in dieser Arbeit solche Stoffe definiert, die eines der Gef?hrlichkeitsmerkmale nach § 3 Chemikaliengesetz besitzen. OnlineFirst: 19. 12. 2001     

Environmental occurrence of Q1, a C9H3C17N2 compound,that has been identified as a natural bioaccumulative organochlorine

Environmental appearance of Q1, a natural heptachloro compound with the molecular formula C₉H₃Cl₇N₂, was studied in samples from different sites all over the world. Q1 was expected to have a bipyrrole backbone, similar to other compounds ascribed to natural sources. A method for isolation of Q1 was developed by combination of adsorption chromatography on silica and normal phase HPLC with an amino phase. UV-detection of Q1 supports the aromatic character of the compound.

The high levels detected in samples of marine mammals and birds suggested that Q1 is both a persistent and a bioaccumulative contaminant. This was underscored by calculated log K_OW in the range of other lipophilic organohalogens. In accordance with earlier studies, highest Q1 concentrations were found in the Southern Hemisphere, but with a highly selective GC/ECNI-MS-SIM method, detection of Q1 was also achieved in many samples from the Northern Hemisphere. In addition to marine mammals and birds, Q1 was also detected in fish from the Mediterranean Sea and the Antarctic. Traces were also detected in SRM 1588 certified cod liver oil, but Q1 was not detected in fish from Hong Kong and Lake Baikal.     

Untersuchungskonzept zur Charakterisierung toxischer Stoffe in belastetem Wasser

Zusammenfassung  Zur ?kotoxikologischen Beurteilung von belastetem Wasser werden h?ufig einfache Biotests eingesetzt. Nicht selten werden dabei toxische Effekte festgestellt. Es stellt sich dann die Frage nach den verantwortlichen Wasserinhalts-stoffen. Durch Festphasenextraktion (SPE) werden diese angereichert, gewonnen und dünnschichtchromatographisch unter Verwendung der automatisierten Mehrfachentwicklung aufgetrennt. Von der DC-Platte wird ein Streifen abgetrennt und darauf direkt die biologische Detektion mit Mikroorganismen (Bacillus subtilis, Leuchtbakterien) durchgeführt. Dadurch k?nnen toxische Banden erkannt werden, Auf dem DC-Plattenrest wird von der toxischen Bande mit einem DC-scanner ein UV-Spektrum aufgenommen, die entsprechende Bande herausgekratzt, der toxische Stoff eluiert und infrarotspektroskopisch untersucht. Durch Spektrenvergleich gelingt es meistens, den Stoff zu charakterisieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird am Beispiel eines Zitzengummieluates das Analysenkonzept vorgestelit. Es zeigte sich, dass dieser Gummiartikel einen Vulkanisationsbeschleuniger (2-Mercaptobenzothiazol) freisetzt. Online-Publikation am: 21.12.1999     

Chemische Reaktionen von chlorvinylarsinverbindungen (Lewisite)

Zusammenfassung  2-Chlorvinylarsindichlorid (Lewisit I) und 2,2′-Dichlordivinylarsinchlorid (Lewisit II) reagieren bei Raumtemperatur in einer Substitutionsreaktion schnell und quantitativ mit Dithiolen. Die Derivate wurden massenspetrometrisch identifiziert. Sie sind mit GC/ECD detektierbar. Diese Reaktionen k?nnen zur gaschromatographischen Bestimmung von Lewisiten in Wasser-und Bodenproben eingesetzt werden.      

Fate of ah receptor agonists during biological treatment of an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Sweden is meeting prohibition for deposition of organic waste from 2005. Since 1 million tons of sludge is produced every year in Sweden and the capacity for incineration does not fill the demands, other methods of sludge management have to be introduced to a higher degree. Two biological treatment alternatives are anaerobic digestion and composting. Different oxygen concentrations result in different microbial degradation pathways and, consequently, in a different quality of the digestion or composting residue, It is therefore necessary to study sludge treatment during different oxygen regimes in order to follow both degradation of compounds and change in toxicity. In this study, an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting, and the change in toxicity was studied. Nitroaromatic compounds, which are the main ingredients of both pharmaceutical and explosives, are well known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. However, little data are available concerning sludge with nitroaromatics and any associated dioxin-like activity. Therefore, we studied the sludge before and after the treatments in order to detect any changes in levels of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists using two bioassays for dioxin-like compounds. METHODS: An industrial sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting in small reactors in a semi-continuous manner. The same volume as the feeding volume was taken out daily and stored at -20 degrees C. Sample preparation for the bioassays was done by extraction using organic solvents, followed by clean up with silica gel or sulphuric acid, yielding two fractions. The fractions were dissolved in DMSO and tested in the bioassays. The dioxin-like activity was measured using the DR-CALUX assay with transfected H4IIE rat hepatoma pGudluc cells and an EROD induction assay with RTL-W1 rainbow trout liver cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The bioassays showed that the sludge contained AhR agonists at levels of TCDD equivalents (TEQs) higher than other sludge types in Sweden. In addition, the TEQ values for the acid resistant fractions increased considerably after anaerobic digestion, resulting in an apparent formation of acid resistant TEQs in the anaerobic reactors. Similar results have been reported from studies of fermented household waste. There was a large difference in effects between the two bioassays, with higher TEQ levels in the RTL-W1 EROD assay than in the DR-CALUX assay. This is possibly due to a more rapid metabolism in rat hepatocytes than in trout hepatocytes or to differences in sensitivities for the AhR agonists in the sludge. It was also demonstrated by GC/FID analysis that the sludge contained high concentrations of nitroaromatics. It is suggested that nitroaromatic metabolites, such as aromatic amines and nitroanilines, are possible candidates for the observed bioassay effects. It was also found that the AhR agonists in the sludge samples were volatile. CONCLUSIONS: The sludge contained fairly high concentrations of volatile AhR agonists. The increase of acid resistant AhR agonist after anaerobic digestion warrants further investigations of the chemical and toxic properties of these compounds and of the mechanisms behind this observation. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This study has pointed out the benefits of using different types of mechanism-specific bioassays when evaluating the change in toxicity by sludge treatment, in which measurement of dioxin-like activity can be a valuable tool. In order to study the recalcitrant properties of the compounds in the sludge using the DR-CALUX assay, the exposure time can be varied between 6 and 24 hours. The properties of the acid-resistant AhR agonists formed in the anaerobic treatment have to be investigated in order to choose the most appropriate method for sludge management.