农村生活污染开展环境统计的思考

污染源排放数据是各项环境管理的关键基础和重要依据,目前,环保部门对除农村生活污染以外的其他污染源排放数据已基本摸清。在"三农"发展的同时,农村环境保护已被提上国家日程,日前国务院下发了《关于加强环境保护重点工作的意见》,要求开展农村环境统计,环境统计主管部门也在考虑"十二五"期间将农村生活污染纳入环境统计的可能性。鉴于农村生活污染的特点,开展环境统计尚存在较多难点。因此,分析农村生活污染的特点,思考将其纳入环境统计的可行性和操作性,对健全环境统计体系、改善农村环境质量、全方位掌控和监管各类污染源排放,具有高度的前瞻性和重要性。     

上海市某城区降水监测点位优化

通过对2009—2011年间上海市某城区降水监测数据的数理统计分析,对降水中的阴阳离子、p H值和电导率数据进行比对,在确保监测数据的代表性、合理性和连续性前提下,对于降水监测点位优化的必要性、可行性与后续影响进行评估。     

USE OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL IN A BASIN-WIDE WATER ALLOCATION PROCEEDING1

ABSTRACT: The Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation developed a hydrologic model to help analyze the effects of allocating water for consumptive and instream uses in the upper Missouri River basin of Montana. The model, a PC-based FORTRAN program, uses a mass-balance approach to compute monthly streamflows, reservoir operations, hydropower production, and irrigation and municipal water uses throughout the 54,000 square mile basin for a 59-year base period. Simulation results are presented as monthly mean and percentile-exceedence values. The model was run for baseline conditions and six hypothetical water-allocation alternatives. Results were used by staff resource area specialists to assess potential impacts to water quantity and distribution, water rights, water quality, stream channel form, fisheries, wildlife, recreation, hydropower production, and economics. These analyses were presented to the public and the decision-making board in an environmental impact statement (EIS). Though, in many instances, the model did not allow for detailed, site-specific analyses, the model was an important tool and its simulation results formed the hydrologic basis for the EIS.     

A PRACTICAL MODEL INTEGRATING QUALITY ASSURANCE INTO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: A model of comprehensive environmental monitoring process with integral quality assurance is presented. This model views the monitoring process as iterative cycles of a series of elements: design, plan, protocols, preparation, field liaison, sample collection, sample handling, laboratory analysis, data transmission, data validation, data approval, data provision, statistical analysis, and reporting. Quality assurance is linked to each element, not just to laboratory analysis. The program of quality assurance ensures that environmental monitoring data are compatible with the project goals, are comparable between various sampling agencies, and maintain a high degree of scientific credibility. The key characteristics of the overall quality assurance process are detailed documentation, timely resolution of problems, regular reporting, and routine independent audits.     

Estimating upper percentiles of surface water monitoring data with sparse samples

The estimation of upper percentiles of chemical concentrations in surface water systems within sites and regions may be necessary for the assessment of potential risk to ecosystems and human health. Limited sample sizes at monitoring sites often limit the use of direct methods to estimate upper percentiles. In such cases, upper percentiles within regions within a time frame may be estimated by pooling data across sites and years, and then deriving percentile estimates from the pooled dataset. The method uses the observations resulting from either a known probability-sampling design or a sampling design treated like one because its observations come close to matching that of a probability-sample. These observations are then weighted to ensure that estimates are representative of a target population across all the sites within the region and the range of years in the time frame. This method of estimating upper percentiles of annual site concentration profiles is demonstrated using atrazine and validated using the monitoring data from both sparsely sampled and high-frequency water monitoring programs, where point and interval estimates of the 90th, 95th, and 99th pooled population percentiles are provided. This method shows that the pooled data from multiple sparse datasets can be used to provide estimates of near-peak concentrations with greater certainty, which are consistent with those generated by high-frequency sampling monitoring programs.     

关于加强环境统计工作的思考

针对江苏省环境统计工作中存在的问题,通过调查研究,提出了加强做好江苏省环境统计工作的有关对策.     

HotellingT^2检验方法在水质监测数据评价中的应用

一般用ｔ检验和方差分析对水质监测中多项指标进行评价分析,有是会得不到确切的结果。应用多元统计分析中ＨｅｔｅｌｌｉｎｍｇＴ＾２检验法进行分析得到了满意结果。以两个年度水质监测５项指标的监测数据为例,同时用ｔ检验和ＨｅｌｔｅｌｌｉｎｇＴ＾２检测进行评价分析,结果表明,ＨｅｔｅｌｌｉｎｇＴ＾２检验具有更好的实用性和合理性。     

Design and Testing of a Turbulence Probe for Harsh Flows

The force of wind on the ground created by turbulent eddies is commonly used to describe the horizontal flux of material during wind erosion. Here we present the Murdoch Turbulence Probe, an instrument for use in both clean and eroding flows which uses pressure differences to measure the three components of wind velocity. Correlation techniques calculate the forces near the ground and turbulence statistics in nearly real time, including turbulent velocity fluctuations from less than 0.1 Hz to 200 Hz, mean flow velocities, Reynolds stresses as well as the integral length and time scales. In the portable wind-tunnel used by Agriculture Western Australia, turbulence statistics were recorded over stable surfaces and in blowing sand from the initiation of erosion up to the time the sand supply was exhausted. Estimates of the friction velocity derived from the turbulence probe were compared with estimates obtained from the wind speed profile measured with a rake of pitot and static tubes. The Murdoch Turbulence Probe appears to work well in sandblasting conditions. Relative turbulence intensities ranged from 0.11 to 0.2 and are in close agreement with values in the literature. The ratio of the turbulence to the friction velocity (3 to 3.2) is at the high end of the reported range. The Reynolds stress measurements agree closely with predictions of the threshold friction velocities of the sand and estimates from the wind speed profile with a von Kármán constant of about 0.3, lower than the commonly accepted value of 0.4. We suggest that the wind-tunnel profile represents the `outer layer' of the boundary-layer that may best be described by a `Wake Law' or `Defect Law'. At about 54 mm above the surface, the friction velocity decreases from 0.64 m/s to 0.39 m/s and the mean velocity increases from 9.6 m/s to 11.6 m/s as the supply of sand is depleted. In addition to the friction velocity, other scales may be necessary to characterise the overriding effect of the wind and in extending wind-tunnel results to the field.     

Analysis of composite sampling data using the principle of maximum entropy

A new tool is presented based on the principle of maximum entropy for enhanced hot spot detection based on composite sampling with no (or minimal) requirement for composite breakdown. The methodology presented here is easy to implement and facilitates the use of multiple criteria for evaluating attainment of site remediation objectives. The new methodology provides very simple decision rules that can easily be used by non-statisticians and complements the use of composites for control of residual mean concentrations.     

试论传统园林艺术风格形成的影响因素

中国园林以自然风景式的风格著称于世,其发展过程中受到诸多因素的影响.该文以中国传统园林风格为案例,从客观因素和主观因素分析中国传统造园艺术风格形成的影响因素,以期引发对创造现代园林风格的思考.