Influence of Substrate on Bioaccumulation of 14C-Paraquat in Compost Worms Eisenia foetida

Contamination of soil with pesticides can be evaluated using toxicity tests with worms because their ecological niche makes them good bioindicators. Bioaccumulation in compost worms of [methyl- ¹⁴C] paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) was measured after three-month exposure in two substrates with differing physicochemical characteristics, in particular their organic matter and clay contents. The treatments were 1.2, 12, and 120 μg paraquat g^?1 substrate. The action of the worms did not influence the loss of ¹⁴C from the substrates, as the ¹⁴C-recovered was essentially quantitative at the end of the study in both the presence and absence of the worms. The organic matter and clay contents of the substrates determined the extent of the paraquat uptake by the worms; worms from the substrate with smaller amounts of clay and organic matter had the higher values of the bioconcentration factor (BCF), these being about 5 (fresh-weight basis) and independent of the application rate. The BCF values in the substrate containing more organic matter and clay were smaller but increased from 1.1 to 3.8 with the increasing rates of application. However, in both substrates the amounts of paraquat bioaccumulated in the worms was always less than 1% of that applied, indicating the very strong binding of paraquat to the substrates and hence low availability to the worms.     

Piggery waste treatment by using down-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactors

A study of the role of the depth in the performance of laboratory-scale down-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors (DFAFBR) was carried out at different nominal hydraulic retention times (HRT _N ) using piggery waste as substrate at different influent concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 g COD/L). The profiles of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) (SCOD), organic nitrogen (O.N.), ammonia nitrogen (A.N.), pH and electrical conductivity (E.C.) through the reactor depths showed an initial highly active zone, which was located around the first half of the reactor depth, and a second zone with a lower biological activity. It was found that the depth of the active zone decreased as the HRT _N increased and that the slopes of the profiles obtained increased with the rise in the influent concentration. A hydraulic test showed an increase in the dispersion number when the HRT _N increased. The reactors showed a hydraulic pattern between plug-flow and back-mix. The real values of HRT (Θ) also defined as real contact times were determined to be 0.7, 2.1, 3.4, 4.7, 6.4 and 8 days for values of HRT _N of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, respectively. It was found that the concentration of SCOD within the reactor decreased exponentially with the increase in the value of θ. Additionally, the influent concentration had a strong influence on the SCOD variation concentration, mainly at values of θ under 1.5 days, which corresponded to the first part of the reactors.     

Mathematical prediction of imidacloprid persistence in two Croatian soils with different texture,organic matter content and acidity under laboratory conditions

In the present laboratory study, persistence of imidacloprid (IMI) as a function of initial insecticide concentration and soil properties in two Croatian soils (Krk sandy clay and Istria clay soils) was studied and described mathematically. Upon fitting the obtained experimental data for the higher concentration level (5 mg/kg) to mathematical models, statistical parameters (R ², scaled root mean squared error and χ ² error) indicated that the single first-order kinetics model provided the best prediction of IMI degradation in the Krk sandy clay soil, while in the Istria clay soil biphasic degradation was observed. At the lower concentration level (0.5 mg/kg), the biphasic models Gustafson and Holden models as well as the first-order double exponential model fitted the best experimental data in both soils. The disappearance time (DT₅₀) values estimated by the single first-order double exponential model (from 50 to 132 days) proved that IMI can be categorized as a moderately persistent pesticide. In the Krk sandy clay soil, resulting DT₅₀ values tended to increase with an increase of initial IMI concentration, while in the Istria clay soil, IMI persistence did not depend on the concentration. Organic matter of both experimental soils provided an accelerating effect on the degradation rate. The logistic model demonstrated that the effect of microbial activity was not the most important parameter for the biodegradation of IMI in the Istria clay soil, where IMI degradation could be dominated by chemical processes, such as chemical hydrolysis. The results pointed that mathematical modeling could be considered as the most convenient tool for predicting IMI persistence and contributes to the establishment of adequate monitoring of IMI residues in contaminated soil. Furthermore, IMI usage should be strictly controlled, especially in soils with low organic matter content where the risk of soil and groundwater contamination is much higher due to its longer persistence and consequent leaching and/or moving from soil surface prior to its degradation.     

PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THERMAL MINERAL WATER IN GREECE

Eight different hot springs (SPA) in Greece were monitored over a one-year survey for priority pesticide residues. A specific and effective procedure including solid phase extraction in combination with HPLC and GC analytical methods were applied. Samples that were sensitive to nitrogen-phosphorus (NPD) and/or electron capture (ECD) detectors were analysed by capillary gas chromatography.

From the twenty-six water samples, pesticide residues were detected in fourteen of them (54%) but no one exceeding the European Union Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC).

Lindane (γ-BHC) was the most frequently detected pesticide. It was found in nine samples (35%) in concentrations from <0.005 to 0.01 μg/L. Other pesticides detected were phorate (in five samples), propachlor (in two samples) and chlorpyriphos ethyl (in three samples) but in concentrations far below the permissible levels.     

非金属矿物对柠檬酸残液中酸类吸附工艺

分析了柠檬酸残液的营养成分,并探索了膨润土、凹凸棒石黏土、沸石等非金属矿物对柠檬酸残液中酸类的吸附工艺,以期筛选出对柠檬酸残液中酸类吸附效果优良的吸附剂并优化其吸附工艺参数条件。结果表明,凹土与热处理凹土在几种非金属矿物材料吸附剂中的总酸去除率最佳,选择凹土来进一步研究。理想的吸附条件为:凹土添加量5%,振荡时间70 min,振荡速度180 r/min,温度30℃,总酸去除率约为89.48%,为柠檬酸残液处理和饲料资源开发提供理论依据。     

PAC与粘土矿物混凝去除颤藻及残余铝形态研究

研究了PAC与不同粒径的天然粘土矿物复合混凝去除给水中的颤藻。结果表明,两者复合除藻效果显著优于单加PAC。当PAC浓度为12 mg/L,矿物浓度为24 mg/L,粒径为160目时,除藻效果最好,浊度和叶绿素a去除率分别为98.2%和100%。两者复合后PAC形态含量都发生了变化,悬浮态铝含量相对增加,溶解态铝含量相对减少,总残余铝量减小。     

自然资源资产负债表研究现状、评述与改进方向

自然资源资产负债表概念是中国的一项重要理论和制度创新,但其研究还存在一些问题和争议,如对自然资源资产负债表中资源类别未能达成共识,对资产、负债和权益的界定不清晰,价值核算还不准确等。此外,其编制工作也进展缓慢。本文认为,自然资源资产负债表基础理论和方法都尚不成熟,需要重新诠释概念,并引入新的核算方法,使其中的资产、负债和权益概念更加清晰,数量核算和价值核算方法更加科学。可以另辟蹊径,借鉴生态足迹的思想,从三方面做出改进:第一,将资源类别界定为耕地、林地、草地、湿地、水域、能源矿产和非能源矿产七类,以避免重复核算问题。第二,进一步明确土地和矿产两类资源的资产、负债和权益的含义,可以引入生态足迹方法,用土地生态足迹、生态承载力和生态赤字分别衡量土地资产、土地权益和土地(过载)负债,使得土地过载负债的核算成为可能,且在土地权益核算时能够同时考虑土地面积和质量;可以用已消耗的矿产资源衡量环境负债,以避免环境负债价值的系统性偏误问题。第三,可以将生态足迹方法与生态系统服务价值评估方法结合起来,以估算土地的资产、权益和负债价值,以避免土地价值估算的系统性偏误问题;可以用改进的市场价格法核算矿产或环境的三种价值,避免环境负债价值核算的随意性。引入生态足迹方法可以使自然资源资产负债表中的资产、负债和权益概念更加清晰易懂,并使得资源的数量核算和价值核算方法更加科学,结果更加可信。     

煤矿区规划环评中的大气环境影响预测方法探讨

根据煤矿区规划环评的现状,提出了几种煤矿区规划环评中的大气环境影响预测方法,并将多源叠加的高斯模型法和箱模式法分别应用于榆神矿区和神东矿区的大气环境影响预测中.结果表明,多源叠加的高斯模型法灵活多变,而箱模式简单易行.     

利用in vitro方法研究不同铁矿对土壤砷生物可给性的影响

为了研究不同铁矿物对土壤砷生物可给性的影响,利用PBET(physiologically based extraction test)、SBRC(solubility bioaccessibility research consortium assay)和IVG(in vitro gastrointestinal extraction)这3种in vitro方法研究水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿对土壤砷在胃与小肠阶段生物可给性的影响以及砷形态转化对砷的生物可给性影响机制.结果表明,添加1%水铁矿时,根据PBET、SBRC和IVG这3种in vitro方法,胃阶段砷的生物可给性分别为2.22%、5.11%和7.43%,小肠阶段砷的生物可给性分别为3.39%、2.33%和6.18%;当投加量提高到2%时,各阶段砷的生物可给性都显著降低(P0.05).3种in vitro方法,在不同铁矿物投加量相同条件下,相比于空白对照组(CK),砷的生物可给性降低幅度大小依次为:水铁矿(F1)针铁矿(G1)赤铁矿(H1)(F2G2H2).3种in vitro方法中可交换态和专属吸附态砷总量(F1+F2)同胃阶段砷的生物可给性呈正相关性,依据PBET、SBRC和IVG法,相关系数分别为r=0.93,P=0.002、r=0.90,P=0.004和r=0.89,P=0.006;F1+F2同小肠阶段砷的生物可给性呈正相关性,PBET和IVG法的相关系数分别为r=0.94,P=0.001和r=0.87,P=0.009,而SBRC法则表现为没有相关性.同样,3种in vitro方法中都表现出无定型铁结合态砷(F3)与胃阶段砷的生物可给性有显著负相关性,而与小肠阶段砷生物可给性则除了SBRC法没有相关性之外,PBET和IVG法都表现出显著负相关性.     

云南金厂金矿床铬绢云母系列分类与地质意义

通过 5 7个电子探针分析、1个湿法化学全分析、3个中子活化分析、1个差热分析和 3个粉晶X射线衍射分析 ,首次将金厂金矿床铬绢云母系列划分为二个矿物类十个矿物种和三个生成世代 ,并总结出其成因矿物学特征 ,提出铬绢云母系列的生成与金矿的形成关系密切 ,铬绢云母系列是该区找金的重要标志