环境矿物材料吸附重金属的有机改性研究

环境矿物材料应用在重金属污染治理中越来越受到人们的关注,而通过有机改性可以有效提高其治理效果。结合国内外对环境矿物材料的有机改性研究,综述了应用于重金属污染治理的环境矿物材料有机改性的研究进展,并提出了发展趋势和展望。     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H~+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培法研究模拟酸雨(p H=5.0、3.5、2.5)对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响.结果显示:与对照(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,p H=5.0组质膜H+-ATPase活性与活化能、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量均无显著变化,仅细胞渗透势下降.p H=3.5酸雨导致细胞渗透势、K+含量下降,质膜H+-ATPase活性、H+-ATPase活化能、Ca2+含量明显上升,Mg2+含量无显著变化.p H=2.5组H+-ATPase活性、细胞渗透势和K+、Mg2+含量明显下降,H+-ATPase活化能和Ca2+含量上升,表明矿质元素含量不仅受H+-ATPase活性的调控,还与酸雨强度和离子价态有关.经5 d恢复(恢复期)后,p H=5.0组各指标均恢复到CK水平,p H=3.5组除细胞渗透势外均恢复至CK水平,p H=2.5处理组各指标虽未达到CK水平,但较胁迫期有所恢复.表明K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量受H+-ATPase活性的调节,且恢复效果受酸雨强度影响.     

铅低积累大豆的筛选及铅对其豆中矿物营养元素的影响

筛选和培育铅低积累作物品种已被用来降低铅流入到人们的食物链中.本实验采用盆栽方法,研究了16个选定的大豆品种在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下的生长反应,并评估其对铅的耐性.结果表明,在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下,大豆中Pb含量有显著差异(p0.05),其平均值分别为0.19和0.27 mg·kg-1.在两种Pb梯度处理下富集系数的范围分别为0.003~0.014和0.002~0.012.16种大豆品种的富集系数在两种Pb梯度处理下均小于0.02,且存在显著差异(p0.05),表明大豆吸收的Pb主要积累在根部.大豆品种:垦丰16号、绥农28号、中黄35号和黑河35号被发现符合低铅积累大豆品种的标准.这4个品种的大豆被进一步用于评估Pb和其他矿质营养元素之间的相互作用,如Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn和Zn.土壤中Pb含量会影响大豆对微量矿物营养元素的吸收,表现为土壤中高剂量Pb能抑制大豆对Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg和Zn的吸收,同时增加其对Mn的吸收和积累.     

不同铁矿物对水稻土砷的稳定化效果及机制

水淹缺氧条件是驱动水稻土砷释放引起砷污染的主要原因,其中,铁矿物在砷的迁移转化过程中扮演重要的角色.为研究水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿对水稻土砷的稳定化效果,分析了3种铁矿物对土壤溶液砷浓度的影响,采用土壤溶液中亚铁和总铁的浓度变化来评估不同铁矿物对砷的稳定化效果,并对3种铁矿物进行扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等表征分析.结果表明,水铁矿具有最大的比表面积,为192.54m2·g-1,且微孔孔容达到0.069 cm3·g~(-1),针铁矿和赤铁矿依次减少,而3种铁矿物的结晶度以针铁矿最高,赤铁矿和水铁矿依次降低.施用水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿均有效地降低了土壤溶液中砷的浓度,当添加量为2.0%(质量分数)时,土壤溶液中砷浓度分别降低62.55%、61.36%和55.16%.相关性分析表明,随着无定形铁含量的提高,其对砷的稳定化效果趋于显著,其中,土壤无定型铁与无定型结合态砷含量存在正相关关系(r=0.879,p=0.009),而与土壤溶液砷存在负相关关系(r=-0.895,p=0.006).     

Contribution of small-scale mining to employment,development and sustainability – an Indian scenario

Small-scale mining is more prevalent in India. The maximum production capacity of 50,000 tonnes/year has been accepted as a criterion to Indian small-scale mine. Such mines constitute about 90% of total number of mines, 42% of the total non-fuel minerals and metals, 5% of the fuel minerals. Some 3000 small scale mines account for a work force of about 0.5 million people. Yet this sector is a neglected sector in Indian economy and still considered as an unorganized sector. This paper examines the contribution of small-scale mines to employment and national mineral production, practices, and Indian policy on small-scale mining. It identifies the drawbacks in the existing Government policy and discusses the role of Government for up gradation in this sector. It focuses the need for technical up gradation and to ensure the economic and social infrastructure. It also discusses how the pursuit of sustainable livelihoods, poverty alleviation and indigenous peoples right in artisanal and small-scale mining be more effective when these communities are disadvantaged or neglected by Government policies. This paper concludes that this sector can make significant contribution to Indian economy and employment generation. It recommends that by establishing mining centre consist of shared mining and processing facilities, educating and training related initiatives it can be achieved.     

矿产资源经济评价初步研究

本文论述了开展矿产资源经济评价对准确掌握各类矿产资源的数量和进行勘探及资源开发决策的重要性,阐述了矿产资源经济评价的基本原理,提出了经济评价基本模型及从经济角度对资源进行分类的标准和确定资源优先开发顺序的比较方法。     

长江上游及雅砻江徒步考察概况

本文对长江上游雅砻江一带的藏、汉、彝和纳西等民族混合居住地区的文化、社会、生产、生活习俗,地形、地质、地貌演变,以及森林砍伐,乱开矿山,随意捕杀动物等人为活动,造成了水土流失、滑坡、泥石流和地震等自然灾害。破坏了自然生态环境,给当地开发丰富的水资源和矿产资源带来了极大的影响。     

A natural analogue for CO2 mineral sequestration in Miocene basalt in the Kuanhsi-Chutung area, Northwestern Taiwan

In general, CO₂ sequestration by carbonation is estimated by laboratory experimentation and geochemical simulation. In this study, however, estimation is based on a natural analogue study of the Miocene basalt in the Kuanhsi-Chutung area, Northwestern Taiwan. This region has great potential in terms of geological and geochemical environments for CO₂ sequestration. Outcropping Miocene basalt in the study area shows extensive serpentinization and carbonation. The carbon stable isotopes of carbonates lie on the depleted side of the Lohmann meteoric calcite line, which demonstrates that the carbonates most probably precipitate directly from meteoric fluid, and water–rock interaction is less involved in the carbonation process. Oxygen stable isotope examinations also show much depleted ratios, representative of product formation under low temperatures (∼50–90 °C). This translates to a depth of 1–2 km, which is a practical depth for a CO₂ sequestration reservoir. According to petrographic observation and electron microprobe analysis, the diopside grains in the basalt are resistant to serpentinization and carbonation; therefore, the fluid causing alteration is likely enriched with calcium and there must be additional sources of calcium for carbon mineralization. These derived geochemical properties of the fluid support the late Miocene sandstone and enclosed basalts as having high potential for being a CO₂ sequestration reservoir. Moreover, the existing geochemical environments allow for mineralogical assemblages of ultramafic xenoliths, indicating that forsterite, orthopyroxene and feldspar minerals are readily replaced by carbonates. Based on the mineral transformation in xenoliths, the capacity of CO₂ mineral sequestration of the Miocene basalt is semi-quantitatively estimated at 94.15 kg CO₂ chemically trapped per 1 m³ basalt. With this value, total CO₂ sequestration capacity can be evaluated by a geophysical survey of the amount of viable Miocene basalt at the potential sites. Such a survey is required in the near future.     

矿物成分对超细化煤粉燃烧硫转化影响的实验研究

选用超细化鹤岗、铁法、准噶尔3种原煤、脱灰煤(HCl/HF脱灰),与分别添加MgO、CaO、Al₂O₃和Fe₃O₄矿物的脱灰煤制成试验样品.使用DTG(热重/差热分析仪)对不同样品进行燃烧实验,GC-MS(气相色谱质谱联用仪)分析烟气中SO₂,设定气体流量为50mL/min,氧气体积分数为20%,升温速率为20℃/min,考察矿物成分对煤粉燃烧时硫转化的影响.结果发现,超细化3种煤的原煤样品燃烧过     

白土渣中润滑油回收技术的研究

研究开发了一种回收白土渣中润滑油的新技术--溶剂抽提技术.通过对润滑油回收量的综合比较,确立了实验所用的抽提溶剂及处理工艺的操作条件.结果表明:用石脑油馏分(60～90℃)抽提溶剂,最佳溶剂与白土渣投量比为1:1,抽提次数为2,温度为室温,搅拌时间为15min且回流液质量百分比为5%情况下,润滑油回收率为92%左右,并且可形成稳定的循环操作模式,为溶剂抽提法回收白土渣中润滑油的工业化应用提供了科学依据.