Sources and Sinks of Phosphorus for a Perturbed Stream and the Effects of Mineral Deposits1

Effler, Steven W., Anthony R. Prestigiacomo, David A. Matthews, and Feng Peng, 2012. Sources and Sinks of Phosphorus for a Perturbed Stream and the Effects of Mineral Deposits. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 321‐335. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00617.x Abstract: Patterns of concentrations and loading rates of multiple forms of phosphorus (P) are resolved and analyzed along Ninemile Creek, New York, a stream perturbed by a domestic waste discharge and residual effects of a closed industry. This analysis is based on biweekly monitoring of total, dissolved, and soluble reactive P (SRP) for 19 months at four sites that bracket each of these effects, and 15 years of biweekly measurements at the two sites that bound industrial deposits. The minerogenic particle populations of the stream and the surficial sediments along the reach with extensive CaCO₃ and clay mineral deposits are characterized with an individual particle analysis technique. Mass balance analyses depict: (1) increasing nonpoint inputs of particulate and dissolved organic P along the stream length; (2) input of P from a domestic waste facility, almost entirely in the form of SRP; and (3) a compensating downstream loss of SRP over the reach with the extensive industrial deposits of CaCO₃. The downstream sink process for SRP is attributed to sorption processes with minerogenic deposits. The domestic waste‐based source and the compensating industrial waste‐based sink are noteworthy fluxes relative to other prevailing loads received by downstream Onondaga Lake, for which a major rehabilitation program targeting cultural eutrophication is underway. The P source/sink conditions of this stream are considered in the context of this rehabilitation program.     

Examination of Resource Curse Hypothesis: Mineral Resources Exploitation and Economic Growth in Xinjiang Autonomous Region

The mineral resources exploitation stage and the economic growth rate are various in different regions of Xinjiang Autonomous region. Using the method of location quotient, this paper identifies and classifies the intensive regions of three types of mineral resources, known as coal, oil and natural gas, respectively. The intensive regions of economic growth were also identified, according to the rate of per capita GDP growth at prefecture, autonomous prefecture and city. The relationships between different mineral resources and economic growth are different, for example, the relationship between economic growth and coal resource is positive, while the relationship between economic growth and oil resource, or natural gas resource is negative. This study empirically examines the effects of natural resources on economic growth of Xinjiang. The results show that whilst natural resources have a positive impact on growth, and can make a negative impact on growth through the transmission channels, such as investment, manufacture, human capital, and scientific and technologic innovation. Moreover, it studies the transmission channels, that is, the effect of natural resources on the other explanatory variables, and calculates the indirect effect of natural resources on growth for each transmission channel, and comprehensive effects of natural resources on growth. The calculated result of comprehensive effects indicates that the positive direct effects of natural resources on growth are shown to outweigh the negative indirect effect of Xinjiang autonomous region.     

超声破解吸持稠油粘土颗粒的研究

在频率为28 kHz的超声辐照下,研究了超声作用功率和辐照时间对石油污染土壤淋洗液中吸持稠油粘土颗粒的破解作用,并采用GC/MS分析了超声辐照时间对淋洗液中特征有机物的影响。结果表明,随着超声作用功率和辐照时间的增加,粘土颗粒吸持的稠油显著下降,辐照时间为45 min,作用功率为100 W时,粘土颗粒吸持稠油的解吸率为7925%;作用功率为60 W,辐照时间为75 min时,粘土颗粒吸持稠油的解吸率为77.36%。超声波能够显著增加解吸稠油在水中的溶解率,辐照时间为45 min,作用功率为80 W时,水相含油率升高92%;当作用功率为60 W,辐照时间为75 min时,水相含油率升高近1倍。随着超声辐照时间的增加,极性相对较强的环烷酮类有机物的相对丰度随之增加,极性相对较弱的环烷二酮类有机物相对丰度则显著减小。超声波有利于异位化学淋洗在高含粘土颗粒石油污染土壤修复中的应用。     

Pu在粉质粘土介质中的分配系数及其影响因素研究

本文以粉质粘土介质为研究对象,用批式法实验研究了Pu在砂土介质中的分配系数及其影响因素。研究结果表明：核素Pu在粉质粘土中的分配系数较大,反映该种地质介质对Pu具有较强的吸附阻滞性;另外,分配系数是一个随环境pH值、介质含水率及水中核素源项浓度而变化的量。     

Hydrology of Clay Settling Areas and Surrounding Landscapes in the Phosphate Mining District,Peninsular Florida1

Abstract: The objective of this study was to use applied and naturally occurring geochemical tracers to study the hydrology of clay settling areas (CSAs) and the hydrological connectivity between CSAs and surrounding hydrological landscapes. The study site is located on the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida. The CSA has a well‐developed, subangular‐blocky, clay‐rich surface layer with abundant desiccation cracks and other macropores, and a massive, clay‐rich sublayer that is saturated below ～1.0‐2.5 m. A bromide tracer was applied to study hydrological processes in the upper part of the CSA. Bromide infiltrated rapidly and perched on a massive, clay‐rich sublayer. Bromide concentrations decreased in the upper part of the profile without being transported vertically down through the lower part of the profile suggesting that bromide was lost to lateral rather than to vertical transport. Infiltration and lateral flow were rapid suggesting that preferential flow through desiccation cracks and other macropores likely dominates flow in the upper part of the CSA. Naturally occurring solute and stable isotope tracers were used to study the hydrological connectivity between the CSA and the surrounding hydrological landscape. Three‐end mass‐balance mixing model results indicate that shallow and/or deep CSA water can be found in all downgradient waters and must be as much as ～50% of some downgradient waters. Discharge from the CSA to the surrounding surface water‐bodies and surficial aquifer occurs laterally through the berms and/or vertically through the massive, clay‐rich sublayer. However, the precise flow paths from the CSA to the surrounding hydrological landscape are unclear and the fluxes remain unquantified, so the precise effects of CSAs on the hydrology of the surrounding hydrological landscape also remain unquantified.     

南京仙林地区中更新统红色粘土的磁性地层学特征

南京地区第四纪地层广泛发育,主要为上更新统下蜀组及以上地层,其下中更新统地层未见成型剖面。在南京地区三维地质调查中,钻探发现在典型的上更新统下蜀组黄土之下有一套红色含砾粘土层,经对该孔磁性组构、磁化率等测试及研究,认为该红色粘土与长江中下游普遍发育的网纹红土时代相当。其顶底界线清楚,地层完整,岩性独特,为全面认识南京地区中更新统地层提供了重要证据。     

几种纯培养外生菌根真菌对矿物油的降解效果

用紫外分光光度法对4种外生菌根真菌降解矿物油的能力进行了研究.结果表明,这4种外生菌根真菌都具有降解矿物油的能力.但在不同的培养基中其生物量和降解矿物油的能力显著不同,以有机氮作为氮源及提供少量葡萄糖作为启动碳源将大大提高其生物量及矿物油降解率.结果为应用菌根技术修复矿物油污染土壤及优化降解条件提供了依据.     

沉积物不同有机矿质复合体对磷的吸附特征影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河沉积物不同有机矿质复合体对磷的吸附特征影响.结果表明,去除腐殖质后的沉积物对磷的吸附能力大大降低,其饱和吸附量(Гm)和吸附分配系数(k)分别只能达到原样的35.62%和9.93%,有机矿质复合体是影响磷在沉积物上吸附特征的主要因素;沉积物中的钙键有机矿质复合体对磷具有孔隙填充方式的吸附,其碳标化饱和吸附量为1157.05mg/kg,相当于原样的1.27倍;沉积物中的铁铝键有机矿质复合体在对磷吸附中发挥重要作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量可达1736.82mg/kg,相当于原样的1.88倍.其吸附机制除孔隙填充方式外,还存在配位吸附;考查沉积物对磷的吸附能力不但要考虑腐殖质的含量,更要考虑腐殖质的复合形态,它也是影响沉积物对磷吸附特征的重要因素.以原样为基准,钙键有机矿质复合体、铁铝键有机矿质复合体携载的吸附态磷可分别按1.27和1.88倍进行估算.     

北京市西北城区取暖期环境大气中PM10的物理化学特征

根据监测资料探讨了北京市西北城区取暖期PM₁₀的逐日变化规律和日变化规律.分别使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究PM₁₀中的矿物成分及其微观形貌特征.结果表明夜间PM₁₀浓度普遍高于白天.XRD分析显示颗粒物粒度越细,其中所含的矿物种类越少.SEM研究得出,单个PM₁₀颗粒类型可初步分为有链状集合体、簇状集合体、圆球状、片状和不规则形状等5类.从数量上看,PM₁₀主要来自燃煤和汽车尾气.     

运用单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术初步研究广州大气矿尘污染

自主研发的单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)采用空气动力学透镜、双激光测径系统以及双极飞行时间质量分析器,并用其对广州市大气细颗粒物进行在线分析,实现了矿尘颗粒物的空气动力学直径和化学组成的同时检测. 在连续4 d的采样中,共采集到249 057个粒径在0.2～1.2 μm且同时含有正负质谱信息的颗粒物,其中矿尘颗粒物占7.9%. 结果表明:矿尘颗粒物的正离子成分以Ca2+,K+>/sup>,Fe2+和Na+>/sup>为主,同时还含有Li+>/sup>,Mg2+,V>/sup>5+,Ba2+和Ti4+等;负离子成分以NO₃->/sup> 和NO₂->/sup>为主,另外还含有HSO₄->/sup>,SiO₃->/sup>和PO₃->/sup>等. 在广州市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘贡献不如含碳颗粒物和生物质燃烧颗粒物,且在矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、含钠钾颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分.