多年冻土区工程迹地人工恢复区植物和土壤的矿质元素含量特征

选择青藏高原多年冻土区工程迹地的人工恢复植物和紫花针茅草原的优势植物以及对应的土壤样品进行对照,利用原子吸收法分析了它们的矿质元素含量特征。结果表明：多年冻土区工程迹地人工恢复区植物的元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、P和Na,100～1 000 μg/g的元素有Mn、K、Fe、Mg和Al;而对照紫花针茅草原优势植物的元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca和Na,100～1 000 μg/g的元素有P、Mn、K、Fe、Mg和Al。人工恢复区土壤元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、Fe和Mn,100～1000 μg/g的元素有Mg、K、Al、P和Na;对照紫花针茅草原土壤元素含量：＞1 000 μg/g的元素有Ca、Fe,100～1 000 μg/g的元素有Mn、Mg、Al、K、P和Na。该区域植物和土壤元素含量都属于Ca > K 型。人工恢复植物和对照的紫花针茅草原植物对土壤元素的吸收能力具有较高的相似性。K和Al元素的累积与其他元素没有显著的相关关系,其他元素之间为正相关关系,元素之间的吸收累积属于协同作用,无明显的撷抗作用     

Investigation of partitioning mechanism for volatile organic compounds in a multiphase system

Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the partitioning behavior of a set of diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After equilibration at a temperature of 25 °C, the VOC concentrations were measured by headspace method in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The obtained data were used to determine the partition coefficients (K_P) of VOCs in a gas-liguid-solid system. The results have shown that the presence and nature of solid materials in the working solution control the air-water partitioning of dissolved VOCs. The air/solution partitioning of BTEX and C₉-C₁₀ aldehydes was most affected in the presence of diesel soot. K_P values decreased by a factor ranging from 1.5 for toluene to 3.0 for ethylbenzene. The addition of mineral dust in the working solution exhibited greater influence on the partitioning of short aldehydes. K_P values decreased by a factor of 1.8. The experimental partition coefficients were used to develop a predictive model for partitioning of BTEX and n-aldehydes between air, water and solid phases.     

Associations of fat mass and lean mass with bone mineral density differ by levels of persistent organic pollutants: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), xenobiotics that accumulate in fat tissue, may impair bone metabolism. We studied (1) the association of bone mineral density (BMD) with POPs and (2) whether associations of fat mass (FM) or lean mass (LM), two components of body composition, with BMD differed depending on levels of POPs. Participants aged ?20 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 were included (n = 2769). Eight POPs with detection rate ?80% and three skeletal subregions (left arm, pelvis, and right leg) were selected. All analyses were stratified by gender and age (cutpoint 50 years or more). POPs at background concentrations were mostly unassociated with BMD. However, the associations of FM and LM with BMD depended on POPs concentrations, in particular with BMD of the left arm (usually not weight-bearing) in postmenopausal women. When POPs concentrations were low, FM showed inverse associations with BMD while LM showed positive associations. However, when POPs levels were high, FM showed positive associations with BMD while the positive associations between LM and BMD weakened. POPs may biologically modify the associations of FM and LM with BMD, especially among postmenopausal women, possibly explaining inconsistent associations between FM and BMD in previous epidemiological studies.     

Alginate immobilized enrichment culture for atrazine degradation in soil and water system

An atrazine degrading enrichment culture, a consortium of bacteria of genus Bacillus along with Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, was immobilized in sodium alginate and was used to study atrazine degradation in mineral salts medium (MSM), soil and wastewater effluent. Sodium alginate immobilized consortium, when stored at room temperature (24 ± 5°C), was effective in degrading atrazine in MSM up to 90 days of storage. The survival of bacteria in alginate beads, based on colony formation unit (CFU) counts, suggested survival up to 90 days and population counts decreased to 1/5^th on 120 days. Comparison of atrazine degrading ability of the freely suspended enrichment culture and immobilized culture suggested that the immobilized culture took longer time for complete degradation of atrazine as a lag phase of 2 days was observed in the MSM inoculated with alginate immobilized culture. The free cells resulted in complete degradation of atrazine within 6 days, while immobilized cells took 10 days for 100% atrazine degradation. Further, immobilized cultures were able to degrade atrazine in soil and wastewater effluent. Alginate beads were stable and effective in degrading atrazine till 3rd transfer and disintegrated thereafter. The study suggested that immobilized enrichment culture, due to its better storage and application, can be used to degrade atrazine in soil water system.     

改良型湿法制备活性白土清洁生产及末端治理实验研究

传统湿法制备活性白土工艺中存在水耗、酸耗大等清洁水平较低的问题,本研究提出了在生产工艺流程中循环使用硫酸酸性废液、并从循环3次的硫酸废液中回收铝盐制备无铁硫酸铝的一种改良型湿法制备活性白土工艺,对末端治理采用电石渣替代石灰作为中和剂进行了探索性实验研究。实验结果表明,改良型湿法制备活性白土工艺对活性白土产品的理化性质无明显影响,产品质量符合行业标准,且酸的利用率从20%提高到约90%,水耗减少量为原工艺的1/3,无铁硫酸铝主要参数符合相关产品技术标准(HG/T2225-2001)。用电石渣作为中和剂处理酸性废液能够实现出水水质稳定达标,处理成本从255万元降低至210万元。本研究的实施使得活性白土的生产工艺清洁生产水平有较大提高。     

长链季铵盐的絮凝性能

采用FTIR技术对自制的长链季铵盐絮凝剂环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵进行了表征,研究了该絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效果,考察了絮凝剂加入量、溶液pH和絮凝时间对絮凝率的影响;并与常用絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果进行了对比。表征结果显示,合成的目标产物为环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵。实验结果表明：在絮凝剂加入量8 mg/L、溶液pH 9、絮凝时间50 min的条件下,絮凝率达到84.84%;在相同絮凝剂加入量的条件下,环氧丙基十二烷基二甲基氯化铵的絮凝效果优于聚丙烯酰胺。     

粉质粘土和粉质砂土对铬渣渗滤液中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附特性

针对铬渣堆场及其渗滤液生态环境污染严重这一热点问题,在对锦州铬渣堆场附近不同土壤取样测定基础上,采用振荡平衡法,测定吸附时间、污染物浓度、pH值、温度等条件改变对粉质粘土和粉质砂土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响,研究2种土壤对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性,获得土壤吸附的等温吸附曲线,建立吸附动力学方程。结果显示,吸附时间、污染物浓度、pH值、温度等都对土壤吸附Cr（Ⅵ）有不同程度的影响。粉质粘土和粉质砂土对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附可用Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和Temkin方程很好地描述,以Freundlich方程为最佳。粉质粘土和粉质砂土的Elovich型公式、双常数速率公式、抛物线扩散公式3种动力学方程的拟合程度顺序均为：Elovich型公式>双常数速率公式>抛物线扩散公式,粉质粘土相较粉质砂土动力学拟合程度更高且吸附性更好。     

Comparative hersistence of chlorpyrifos in a mineral soil after granular and drench applications

Abstract

Lorsban 15G (15% chlorpyrifos) at 1.6 and 2.2 g a.i./10 m row, and Lorsban 4E (40.7% chlorpyrifos) at 2.0 g a.i./10 m row were applied respectively to a silt loam soil as a band treatment at seeding and as a drench after seeding. The rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos [Q,Q‐diethyl Q‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinyl) phosphorothioate] was relatively fast in the first 15 days but slowed down considerably thereafter regardless of the methods of application and application rates; and there was a statistically significant (p=0.05) linear relationship between the natural logarithm of chlopyrifos concentration and time. Based on the linear regression equations, the calculated pseudo‐first‐order rate constants were 0.041 day^‐1 and 0.044 day^‐1 respectively for the band treatments at 1.6 and 2.2 g a.i./10 m row; and 0.040 day^‐1 for the drench. The calculated half‐lives for all three treatments were similar and they ranged frcm 15.8 days to 17.3 days. The degradation product 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (TP) was detected in soil but not 3,5_/6‐trichloro‐2‐methoxypyridine (TMP). The concentration of TP increased steadily to a peak and declined thereafter. The highest mean concentration of TP was 2.21 ppm (dry wt) detected 29 days after band treatment at the high rate. After 90 days the concentration of TP decreased to 0.43 ppm (dry wt).     

Factors Influencing 2,4-D Sorption and Mineralization in Soil

Abstract

This study quantified 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] sorption and mineralization rates in five soils as influenced by soil characteristics and nutrient contents. Results indicated that 2,4-D was weakly sorbed by soil, with Freundlich distribution coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 2.89 µg^1?1/n  g^?1 mL^{1/ n} . First-order mineralization rate constants varied from 0.03 to 0.26, corresponding to calculated mineralization half-lives of 3 and 22 days, respectively. Herbicide sorption generally increased with increasing soil organic carbon content, but the extent of 2,4-D sorption per unit organic carbon varied among the soils due to differences in soil pH, clay content and/or organic matter quality. Herbicide mineralization rates were greater in soils that sorbed more 2,4-D per unit organic carbon, and that had greater soil nitrogen contents. We conclude that the effect of sorption on herbicide degradation cannot be generalized without a better understanding of the effects of soil characteristics and nutrient content on herbicide behavior in soil.     

矿产资源资产负债表编制技术框架初探

矿产资源资产负债表编制技术框架的探讨对于推进我国不可再生资源资产负债表编制技术的形成、指导我国不可再生资源的科学开发并落实自然资源资产离任审计制度有着明确的实际意义。本文在国际通用的环境与经济综合核算体系的基础上,探索性的提出了矿产资源资产负债表的编制技术框架(以下简称框架)。该框架以实现国家矿产资源资产摸底和官员环境绩效评估为目标,函括了矿产资源资产负债表的编制原则,资产负债表的会计主体、会计要素、相关交易和事项的具体指向,资产负债表的实物量账户和价值量账户的内容和归类,矿产资源资产负债表的具体编制流程,以及矿产资源资产负债表示意等内容。具体而言:首先,本框架指出了矿产资源核算应坚持复式记账原则和权责发生制原则;其次,框架明确了会计主体为矿产资源的所有者(即政府),会计要素中的资产指的是由政府辖区控制的矿产资源,负债指的是政府开采矿产资源过程中从生态系统中"借"的其他自然资源(比如水资源、能源资源等)和生态服务(清洁的空气、水循环、气候调节等),这是本框架区别于传统国民经济核算的核心所在;再次,框架确立了矿产资源开采涉及的六大相关交易和事项,并据此设立了五类实物量账户和三类价值量账户,其中特别构建了集"生态系统服务"、"环境污染"和"资源消耗"三位于一体的"生态成本"和"生态负债"账户;最后,框架根据矿产资源开采的六大相关交易和事项,以及明确的以资产、负债与所有者权益为区分的会计账户,具体展示了矿产资源资产负债表的具体编制流程,并形成了最终的资产负债表示意。除此之外,本框架还提供了如何将实物类账户价值化的方法,特别提出了可用资源租金的净现值方法测度没有直接市场价格的非生产性资产的当前价值。该框架虽然是以矿产资源为研究对象,但其基本思路和技术也适用于其他不可再生资源的资产负债表编制。