精喹禾灵在高岭土和蒙脱石中的吸附行为

采用批量平衡实验,研究了精喹禾灵在蒙脱石和高岭土中的吸附行为及作用机理.结果表明,精喹禾灵在这两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附过程分为快速吸附、慢速吸附和吸附平衡3个阶段,吸附平衡时间都约为12 h;Langmuir模型能较好地描述其在两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附行为;蒙脱石和高岭土对精喹禾灵的最大吸附容量的关系为蒙脱石>高岭土;傅立叶变换红外光谱以及X-射线衍射分析显示,在吸附过程中精喹禾灵分子进入了蒙脱石层间,而未进入到高岭土层间;蒙脱石主要是通过其层间结构对精喹禾灵进行吸附,而高岭土则主要是通过硅氧外表面发生吸附,其吸附作用力主要是氢键.     

中国资源能源稀缺度因子及其在生命周期评价中的应用

在生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)方法中,利用资源稀缺度因子,可以综合评价一个产品生命周期中总体的资源消耗水平。论文基于广泛采用的CML方法中的非生物资源消耗(Abiotic Depletion Potential, ADP)因子,通过引入中国的资源自给率修正,得出了中国非生物资源消耗因子(Chinese Abiotic Depletion Potential,CADP)及其指标。CADP因子可支持国内LCA研究和相关政策研究中的资源、能源消耗综合评价,同时也为其他国家或地区的资源评价提供了一种普遍适用的方法。案例研究表明,1 kWh电网电力的生命周期CADP指标为1.02 kg coal-R eq.,60.46%的贡献都来自于原煤资源的消耗,其次来自石油的消耗(11.63%),此外还包括基础设施建设中铜、镍等资源的消耗。     

Cd-Cu-Pb复合污染对芥菜吸收Cd、Cu和Pb及矿质元素的影响

以十字花科的芥菜为材料,通过室内盆栽均匀设计试验,研究了Cd-Cu-Pb复合污染下芥菜对重金属的吸收转运特点以及对矿质元素吸收的影响. 结果表明:3种重金属在芥菜体内积累能力为Cd＞Cu＞Pb;芥菜对Pb、Cd有较强耐性,对高浓度Cu耐性不强. 土壤中重金属的含量是影响芥菜各部分重金属含量的主要因素之一;Cd可抑制芥菜对Pb的吸收和转移,促进Cu向芥菜地上部转移;Cd-Pb复合效应促进了Cd在芥菜体内累积;Cu抑制芥菜吸收Pb;Cu-Pb可促进Cd抑制Cu在芥菜各部的积累. 与对照相比,复合污染显著降低了芥菜对矿质元素的吸收累积,各处理芥菜对Mg、Fe和K的吸收转移特点显示出相似的规律,即地上部w(Mg)远大于地下部而w(Fe)和w(K)为地下部占优. Cd可极大促进芥菜对K的吸收而抑制对Fe的吸收,Cu则阻碍地下部对K的吸收;Cu与Cd-Pb复合效应可抑制K向地上部转移.      

论矿产资源综合利用的系统功能与社会经济效益

矿产资源综合利用体现了全面提高资源效益、环境效益、经济效益和社会效益辩证统一的系统功能。它拟应成为各国促进国民经济可持续协调发展的一项重大国策。矿业系统工程与价值工程相辅并用，是大力提高矿产综合利用的社会经济效益的最佳对策。     

226Ra in Tap and Mineral Water and Related Health Risk in the Republic of Croatia

The presence of 226Ra in drinking water may sometimes make important contribution to natural background radiation exposures. The paper describes the study of 226Ra content in drinking water of Croatia: tap water from the public supply system of several major towns and bottled mineral water from two selected mineral water springs. 226Ra was determined by alpha-spectrometric measurement after radiochemical separation. The radiation doses originating from drinking tap water and bottled mineral water were estimated. The annual dose from consumption of bottled mineral water was compared to that received from ingestion of public system tap water. The study showed that 226Ra content for investigated categories of waters is below the levels at which any unacceptable dose due to ingestion would arise.     

矿业城市的发展研究与对策——以昆明市东川区为例

东川是依托矿产资源开发利用而兴建起来的城市，其经济结构属于典型的矿业依赖性经济，随着铜资源的耗竭，经济发展停滞，城市散失可持续发展能力。矿业城市的经济发展，关键是将单一的矿业经济转化为矿产业与非矿产业并举的多元型经济结构。现以云南省昆明市东川区为例，对其发展特征进行分析，揭示矿业城市的发展对策，为此类城市的发展提供思路。     

SOIL-MOISTURE EFFECTS OF CONVERSION OF SAGEBRUSH COVER TO BUNCHGRASS COVER1

Precipitation, soil moisture, runoff, and vegetation were measured on two, 5- to 10-acre, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) watersheds and two, equally small, beardless bluebunch wheatgrass (Agrophron inerme) watersheds that were converted from big sagebrush in 1967. The watersheds are located near Wolcott, Colorado, at an elevation of 7,200 feet, and are mantled with 2 to 3 feet of silty clay soils. Annual precipitation was about 13.5 inches; about 9 inches occurred as rain or snow from April through October and about 4.5 inches accumulated as a snowpack from November through March. Evapotranspiration was about 2 inches greater in 1968 and 1 inch greater in 1969 from the sagebrush watersheds than from the grass watersheds. With a mature stand of grass in 1970 and 1971 the differences in evapotranspiration were within the range of differences measured during the 3-year calibration period when all four watersheds were sagebrush. Water use was similar in the top 1 foot of soil but slightly more water was used by the grass in the 1- to 2-foot zone and more water being used by the sagebrush below 2 feet. Soil-water potential data indicated that only the big sagebrush used a small amount of water from the fractured shale at depths below 40 inches. Sagebrush used more water in August and September than the grass.     

上海粘土流变性质及地面沉降问题的初步研究（二）

根据试验结果提出了一个新的粘－弹－塑性模型,并与以前其他研究者和模型作了比较,了分析试验结果时应注意的一些重要问题,最后,对上海地面沉降问题作了粗略的分析。     

粤北大宝山槽对坑酸性矿山废水中不同沉积层次生矿物研究

矿山尾矿渣中硫化物的氧化作用易形成酸性矿山废水(AMD)和重金属污染,而氧化过程中形成的次生矿物对控制重金属污染起重要的作用。本文利用XRD和SEM等主要手段,对粤北大宝山多金属矿槽对坑酸性矿山废水四种不同颜色沉积层的次生矿物种类及其形貌进行了研究,发现不同沉积层均有丰富的次生矿物。从上到下,次生矿物种类从简单变复杂多样。尾矿砂层(S1)次生矿物种类主要为叶绿矾、针绿矾、黄钾铁矾;赭色层(S2)主要次生矿物有磷铝矾、七水铁矾,四水白铁矾、黄钾铁矾等;灰绿色沉积层(S3)主要有水砷铁矿,镁叶绿矾、赤铁矾及较丰富的李时珍石;S4层主要有黄钾铁矾、施威特曼石、铁明矾、水绿矾、镁叶绿矾等。其中黄钾铁矾是最常见的次生矿物,主要呈片状、菱面体状,与施威特曼石共生;施威特曼石也相对较富集,呈海胆状、放射状、鳞片状、球状等集合体产出;石膏较富集,呈完整晶体出现。酸性矿山废水中重金属元素的活动性受到次生矿物的影响;次生矿物在一定程度上能净化酸性矿山废水中有害元素,减少酸性矿山废水对周围环境的污染。     

温度对嗜酸性硫杆菌活性和生物成因次生铁矿物形成的影响

通过实验室摇瓶试验研究了温度对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidan)氧化亚铁的活性及对生物成因次生铁矿物形成的影响.结果表明,在FeSO4-H2O-A.ferrooxidans休止细胞体系中,低温明显抑制了A.ferrooxidans菌的氧化活性.培养5 d后,10℃和28℃体系中Fe2+氧化率分别为11.81%和100%.当温度从10℃(培养7 d)调至28℃后,Fe2+氧化率在1 d内就迅速上升到95.10%.Fe2+最高氧化速率依次为:10℃(培养7 d)+28℃(2.25 h-1)>28℃(1.42 h-1)>10℃(0.81 h-1).次生铁矿物XRD图谱表明,在9K培养基中,10℃条件下较低的Fe3+供应速率更有利于无定型施威特曼石的形成.而在28℃条件下,施威特曼石优先于黄铁矾生成,且随着时间延长黄铁矾结晶度愈来愈高.通过XRD图谱和SEM微形貌特征判断,28℃下生物合成次生铁矿物主要为施威特曼石和黄钾铁矾的混合物.