Wind energy development in California,USA

Windfarms have been developed rapidly in California in the last few years. The impetus has been a legislated goal to generate 10% of California's electricity by windpower by the year 2000, and generous state and federal tax incentives. Windpower is promoted as environmentally benign, which it is in traditional uses. The California program, however, is not traditional: it calls for centralized development of a magnitude sufficient to offset significant amounts of fossil fuels now used to generate electricity.Centralized windfarm development, as exemplified by the Altamont Pass, Tehachapi Mountains, and San Gorgonio Pass developments, involves major road building projects in erosion-sensitive terrain, effective closure of public lands, and other detrimental effects. A windfarm consisting of 200 turbines with 17-m rotors located in steep terrain 16 km from an existing corridor might occupy 235 ha and physically disturb 86 ha. With average annual wind speeds of 22.5 km/h, the farm would generate about 10×10⁶ kWh/year at present levels of capacity. This annual production would offset 1% of one day's consumption of oil in California. To supply 10% of the state's electricity (at 1984 production rates) would require about 600,000 turbines of the type in common use today and would occupy more than 685,000 ha. It is likely that indirect effects would be felt in much larger areas and would include increased air and water pollution resulting from accelerated erosion, degradation of habitat of domestic and wild animals, damage to archaeological sites, and reduction of scenic quality of now-remote areas of the state.     

Ecotoxicological implications of aquatic disposal of coal combustion residues in the United States: a review

We provide an overview of research related to environmental effects of disposal of coal combustion residues (CCR) in sites in the United States. Our focus is on aspects of CCR that have the potential to negatively influence aquatic organisms and thehealth of aquatic ecosystems. We identify major issues of concern, as well as areas in need of further investigation.Intentional or accidental release of CCR into aquatic systemshas generally been associated with deleterious environmental effects. A large number of metals and trace elements are presentin CCR, some of which are rapidly accumulated to high concentrations by aquatic organisms. Moreover, a variety of biological responses have been observed in organisms following exposure to and accumulation of CCR-related contaminants. In some vertebrates and invertebrates, CCR exposure has led to numerous histopathological, behavioral, and physiological (reproductive, energetic, and endocrinological) effects. Fish kills and extirpation of some fish species have been associatedwith CCR release, as have indirect effects on survival and growth of aquatic animals mediated by changes in resource abundance or quality. Recovery of CCR-impacted sites can be extremely slow due to continued cycling of contaminants withinthe system, even in sites that only received CCR effluents forshort periods of time. The literature synthesis reveals important considerations for future investigations of CCR-impacted sites. Many studies have examined biological responses to CCR with respect to Se concentrations and accumulation because of teratogenic andreproductively toxic effects known to be associated with thiselement. However, the complex mixture of metals and traceelements characteristic of CCR suggests that biologicalassessments of many CCR-contaminated habitats should examine avariety of inorganic compounds in sediments, water, and tissuesbefore causation can be linked to individual CCR components. Most evaluations of effects of CCR in aquatic environments havefocused on lentic systems and the populations of animalsoccupying them. Much less is known about CCR effects in loticsystems, in which the contaminants may be transported downstream,diluted or concentrated in downstream areas, and accumulated bymore transient species. Although some research has examinedaccumulation and effects of contaminants on terrestrial and avianspecies that visit CCR-impacted aquatic sites, more extensiveresearch is also needed in this area. Effects in terrestrial orsemiaquatic species range from accumulation and maternal transferof elements to complete recruitment failure, suggesting that CCReffects need to be examined both within and outside of theaquatic habitats into which CCR is released. Requiring specialattention are waterfowl and amphibians that use CCR-contaminatedsites during specific seasons or life stages and are highlydependent on aquatic habitat quality during those periods.Whether accidentally discharged into natural aquatic systems or present in impoundments that attract wildlife, CCR appears topresent significant risks to aquatic and semiaquatic organisms. Effects may be as subtle as changes in physiology or as drasticas extirpation of entire populations. When examined as a whole,research on responses of aquatic organisms to CCR suggests thatreducing the use of disposal methods that include an aquaticslurry phase may alleviate some environmental risks associatedwith the waste products.     

楚雄市农村能源建设的生态经济效益分析

通过对楚雄市2002年农村能源现状及2002-2010年农村生活用能源建设规划分析,对2005年、2010年能源结构及生态环境效益进行了定量分析。经过8年农村能源建设,完全可以实现能源结构优化。环境、经济效益非常显著。     

全球能源消费与CO2排放量

在收集全球能源储量和流通状况的基础上，综述了世界各地区能源消费量和各国人均能源水平，汇总了全球ＣＯ２排放总量及各大洲对全球ＣＯ２排放量的贡献率，到２１００年，全球Ｃ矿量预计将从目前６０亿ｔ／ａ增加到３６０亿ｔ／ａ，同时，旨出１９９６年中世界人口１８．８％的北美、欧洲、日本、ＣＯ２排放３１．６亿ｔ（碳），占全球当年ＣＯ２排放总量的５２．４％。     

China''s energy, environment and policy perspective

Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｈｕｇｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒａｐｉｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈ ,Ｃｈｉｎａｂｅｃａｍｅｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ’ｓｓｅｃｏｎｄｌａｒｇｅｒｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒｏｆｅｎｅｒｇｙ .Ｃｏａｌｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｓｔｈｅｐｒｉｍａｒｙｅｎｅｒｇｙｕｓｅｄ ,ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｏｉｌ,ｐｒｉｍａｒｙｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙａｎｄｎａｔｕｒａｌｇａｓ.Ｗｈａｔｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓａｎｄ ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓａｄｏｐｔｅｄｂｙＣｈｉｎａｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｗｉｌｌｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｈａｖｅｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｔ…     

企业灯光照明的效率与节电技术研究

本文通过对企业灯光照明工程设计与施工技术的研究，提出了合理应用灯光源的新方法及节电节能新措施，深入探讨了企业实施“绿色照明”工程的工艺技术方案，对推动企业照明节电工作、提高企业经济效益具有一定的参考价值。     

滤膜法测定大气所■子体放射性浓度的计算公式推导

推导了用滤膜法测定环境空气中放射性(气土)子体(ThB、ThC)浓度的计算公式及其潜能公式,为放射性环境空气质量监测提供了一种方便简捷的方法。     

基于活化能指标的煤自燃倾向性及发火期研究

在煤的自燃及热分析动力学的基础上,结合对神东矿区3种煤样进行了热重实验,运用热重分析手段对煤从常温到燃点之间的氧化热解过程进行了研究。运用不同动力学机制模型函数分别对热重分析数据进行了处理和相关性分析,结果表明煤炭氧化热解过程符合一级化学反应动力学机制,据此求出活化能等动力学参数。对基于活化能指标的煤的自燃倾向性及自然发火期进行了初步研究。经过研究发现,该方法是科学的、客观的。     

新疆地区地温采暖技术的应用探讨

针对寒冷地区建筑物的采暖方式，介绍一种新型的区域供暖方式－－地温水源热泵（地温中央空调）供暖系统，为寻找新型供暖方式提出了环保安全、绿色节参采暖制冷新理念。     

青岛即墨温泉沉积物特征及其对地热资源的标识意义

文章结合多种技术手段对青岛即墨温泉盆地第四纪沉积物进行研究。通过研究发现，在即墨温泉典型沉积物（矿泥）中，含有大量石膏、岩盐等与高矿化温泉地热水密切相关的自生矿物，以直隶小旋螺为代表的腹足类陆生软体动物化石和以土星介为代表的节肢动物介形虫化石在远离温泉喷口处大量分布，而在喷口附近缺失。根据胶东地区现有温泉与温泉沉积物的渊源关系，建立温泉沉积物对隐伏地热资源的标识性特征。