聚氨酯固化剂清洁生产技术分析

研究以一个利用分子蒸馏技术生产聚氨酯固化剂的大型新建项目为例,对其原料、产品、工艺和设备进行类比分析,提出了在聚氨酯固化剂生产中推行清洁生产的建议和措施,以期为制造单位在今后的工艺、工程设计、清洁生产和环境管理等方面提供一些科学依据。     

Co-solvent selection and recovery

The selection and recovery of two or more solvents (i.e. co-solvents) are studied because of their importance in environmentally responsible processing. A particularly challenging problem arises when the contaminants (or solutes) are comprised of a mixture of volatile and nonvolatile compounds. The nonvolatile components present difficulties in solvent selection while the volatile components give rise to solvent recovery challenges. Traditional approaches such as the Kauri-Butanol test and predictions based on solubility parameters from regular solution theory can result in poor solvent selection when some of the contaminants are nonvolatile. A simple, graphical and rigorous procedure based on Gibbs energies of mixing for all binary mixtures of solvents and contaminants is proposed for choosing solvent/contaminant pairs. This selection procedure is based on the choice of solvent resulting in the lowest solvent/contaminant Gibbs free energy of mixing for a given contaminant. Nonvolatile contaminants are often easily separated in a single-stage flash vessel. Volatile contaminants, on the other hand, can form homogeneous or heterogeneous azeotropes with commonly used solvents, give rise to distillation boundaries and result in a challenging co-solvent recovery problem. A systematic procedure for the synthesis, design and economic analysis for co-solvent recovery is presented. Residue curve maps are used to identify distillation boundaries and to generate a conceptual process flow sheet for co-solvent recovery. Equipment sizes for the separators and auxiliaries (i.e. condensers, reboilers, decanters, etc.) are determined and capital investment, installation and operating costs are calculated. The removal of oil-water emulsions from the surface of machined metal parts using n-propyl bromide (NPB) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in a closed-loop degreaser is used to illustrate the proposed methodology of co-solvent selection and recovery. Analysis shows that the Kauri-Butanol test and the use of solubility parameters can result in poor solvent selection. In contrast, the proposed methodology shows that NPB is competitive with banned solvents like chlorodifluoro, fluorodichloroethane and trichloroethane and highly regulated solvents such as perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene and is a good solvent for the removal of machining oils while IPA is a good solvent for removing water. Separation of mixtures of NPB/IPA/water is difficult because of the presence of three binary and one ternary azeotrope that create three distinct distillation regions as well as regions of vapor-liquid-liquid behavior. It is shown that these distillation boundaries preclude direct water separation and that a two-distillation sequence with decantation is required to cross boundaries and recover both solvents. A variety of geometric illustrations are presented to elucidate key concepts.     

巴陵石化尿素水解装置的环保改造

分析了尿素水解装置存在的问题及采取的改进措施,提高了水解装置处理能力与处理效果,实现了清洁生产、节能降耗、保护环境的目的。     

高校节能减排的潜力与效益实证研究

高校节能减排的潜力和效益非常可观。但是,要想达到预计的节能减排效益,高校必须建立和健全节能减排制度,加大节能技术和设施设备改造力度,引导师生采取有效的节能减排措施,加强对学生资源忧患意识和节约习惯的养成教育。     

能源供应安全视角下中印生物质能源利用的比较

中国和印度是世界上两个人口最多的国家,中印两国作为世界上两个能源消费大国,如何满足众多人口和经济快速增长对能源的需求,以及提供安全的能源供应是中国和印度都在考虑并试图解决的紧迫问题,分析印度的生物能源利用政策对我国有重要的现实意义和参考价值。我国在1993年成为石油净进口国,1994年我国进口的原油仅为290×104t,进口依赖度为1.9%。到2009年我国石油净进口量为21 888.5×104t,进口原油的依赖度上升到了52.5%。我国日益增加的对国际石油市场的依赖对我国能源安全供应构成了极大的风险和挑战。我国在"十一五"期间,在生物质能源的利用上取得了很大的成绩。但还存在一些问题,主要问题是原料来源和成本不稳定、缺乏统筹规划、发电上网制度不完善、相关政策配套措施和实施细则不完善等因素在一定程度上影响了生物质能产业的发展。印度政府积极支持的生物质利用技术,包括利用清洁发展机制大量开发的生物质能CDM项目,这类项目大约占印度全部注册CDM项目的三分之一左右。印度从能源多元化供应的角度和扶持乡村可持续发展的角度上开发利用生物质能项目的实践是值得我国借鉴的。     

电力行业节能减排途径探讨

为实现电力行业十一五节能20%,二氧化硫削减22%的行业目标,电力行业面临严峻的节能减排形势。根据清洁生产源头控制以及废弃物资源化利用的原理,介绍了七种具有明显经济效益和环境效益的节能减排技术,为电力行业清洁生产审核中节能减排方案的提出提供借鉴作用。     

Regeneration of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol used for carbon dioxide absorption

To improve the efficiency of the carbon dioxide cycling process and to reduce the regeneration energy consumption, a sterically hindered amine of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propranol (AMP) was investigated to determine its regeneration behavior as a CO_2 absorbent. The CO_2 absorption and amine regeneration characteristics were experimentally examined under various operating conditions. The regeneration efficiency increased from 86.2% to 98.3% during the temperature range of 358 to 403 K. The most suitable regeneration temperature for AMP was 383 K, in this experiment condition, and the regeneration efficiency of absorption/regeneration runs descended from 98.3% to 94.0%. A number of heat-stable salts (HSS) could cause a reduction in CO_2 absorption capacity and regeneration efficiency. The results indicated that aqueous AMP was easier to regenerate with less loss of absorption capacity than other amines, such as, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), and N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA).     

洁净室亚微米颗粒污染的模型模拟研究

采用基于欧拉框架下的Small Slip Model颗粒拟流体模型和Three Layer Model壁面沉积边界条件,并运用标准的k-ε湍流模型和壁面函数方法对非单向流洁净室内亚微米颗粒污染物的输运和分布结构进行数值模拟。模拟结果和实验结果具有较好的一致性,说明所采用的计算模型和方法具有良好的合理性和适用性。洁净室内颗粒污染物的输运和分布特征受空气流场的制约,尤其是室内存在的回流区和旋涡区,对污染控制和排除效率有着重要的影响。此外,颗粒的湍流扩散作用在对流作用较弱的区域发挥着重要的作用,对其机理的正确认识和分析有助于提高模型研究的准确性。     

论节能技术创新制度

节能根据节能途径不同可分为结构节能、管理节能和技术节能三种。其中技术节能潜力巨大。文章试图通过完善节能技术创新制度推动我国技术节能工作。     

造纸企业清洁生产的措施与实践

末端治理是指工业污染物产生后再进行治理的方法,存在诸多局限性,如处理设施基建投资大、运行费用高、企业的资源和能源不能在生产过程中得到充分利用,以及污染物在处理过程中对环境存在一定的风险性。末端治理的思路在相当长时间内制约了中国造纸企业的发展。清洁生产是一种物料和能源消耗最少的管理方法,能在一定程度上改善末端治理的局限性,并最终实现用最少的环境代价获得企业最大的发展。文章以上海市宝山区两家造纸企业为例,从造纸设备、原材料、制浆技术、纸机抄造工艺及废水处理系统等环节入手,详细阐述了造纸企业实现清洁生产应采取的措施。