Mine size optimization using marginal analysis

In this study, a model to estimate the optimum mine size is developed. The model is developed on the basis of marginal analysis. The model solves for the production rate at which the present value of marginal costs equals the present value of marginal revenues—the rate that microeconomic theory shows will maximize the net present value of production from the mine.In addition, the article discusses the effects on the optimum production rate of: the physical characteristics of the deposit, economic factors, and financial factors. It has been found that, not surprisingly, as the reserve tonnage increases, the optimum mine size increases. Also, the optimum production rate increases as the ore grade increases. A direct relationship has been found between the mineral price and the optimum production rate. The optimum mine size is found to be inversely related to the expected growth rate of mineral price, while it is directly related to the expected growth rate of mining costs. A concave relationship has been found between the cost of capital and the optimum mine size.     

锦州市机动车尾气对市区大气环境污染影响评价

在对锦州市机动车尾气进行年检、抽检,取得了大量监测数据的基础上,采用等标污染指数法对市区机动车尾气污染进行分析评价。评价结果表明：市区煤烟型大气污染正逐步向机动车尾气混合型污染过渡：根据评价结果,提出了防治对策和建议。     

自然生态系统中含硫气体的产生机理与环境归趋

基于当前可获得的与该课题相关的资料 ,本文综述了陆地生态系统产生挥发性含硫气体的微观和宏观机理过程。讨论了控制生物硫气体产生的环境因素。阐述了含硫气体释放进入大气后的环境归趋     

基于AHP-PSO的滇池流域生态补偿标准评估

通过AHP（层次分析法）在决策目标、影响指标及评估方案3层要素之间,选取湖泊环境、社会因素及经济因素3个维度的25个基层指标,建立了湖泊生态补偿标准评估指标体系。采用MATLAB软件编写了2个程序,分别用于求解初始评分矩阵、计算评估方案权重和辅助PSO（粒子群优化算法）修正指标体系中不满足一致性要求的初始评分矩阵、优化层次分析结果。经计算,生态系统服务价值理论与污染治理费用法的权重分别为38.16%、61.84%。选用生态系统服务价值理论与污染治理费用法两种评估方案,并结合市场价值法、成果参照法、影子工程法、Vollenweider模型及完全混合模型,通过实证研究检验评估标准的合理性。计算得出滇池流域的生态补偿标准总额为32.630 2亿元/a,流域内单位面积的生态补偿标准为5 207元/（a·hm²）。     

食品生产企业员工安全行为影响因素研究

为研究食品生产企业员工安全行为的影响因素,本文基于安全领导力、安全氛围、个体认知等方面对员工安全行为的重要影响作用,研究上述各维度对安全行为的影响,结果表明:可感知的安全领导力、良好的安全氛围及对安全的个体认知情况,均会促进员工主动安全行为的产生,且安全领导力对安全行为的影响作用最大,其次是个体认知,再次是安全氛围;安全氛围会抑制员工安全道德行为的产生,个体认知会抑制员工自律守纪行为的产生。     

中国区域性耕地变化与粮食生产的关系研究——以东北地区为例

以东北地区为例,结合监测数据和农业统计数据,利用GIS技术分别开展耕地数量变化对粮播面积的影响分析、高中低产田内部各县粮食单产变化趋势分析、高中低产田内部耕地数量变化对粮食总产的影响以及粮食作物种植结构变化对粮食生产能力的影响评价与分析。结果表明:①东北地区耕地数量增加了188.8×10⁴hm²,总体呈北增南减趋势;②粮播面积增加了162.67×10⁴hm²,高产区的粮食单产多呈上升趋势,中产区的粮食单产稳中有升,低产区各县的粮食单产有增有减,但多数仍呈上升趋势;③高产田的粮食单产和低产田作物种植面积扩大促进了东北地区粮食总产的增加;④东北地区玉米生产进一步向吉林省集中,大豆、水稻、小麦向黑龙江集中,粮食生产的专业化、区域化趋势明显。     

不同标准对城市土壤重金属质量分数的评价

对广州市某区城市土壤重金属污染现状进行调查,共采集土壤样品34个,分析样品中As,Hg,Cr,Cd,Ni和Pb的全量及有效态质量分数,探讨重金属元素全量和有效态质量分数之间的关系,并采用4种不同标准对结果进行了评价. 结果表明:研究区工业用地、城区和农村居住区的土壤已受到一定程度的重金属污染,且为2种或3种重金属元素的复合污染;As,Hg,Cr,Cd,Ni和Pb有效态质量分数平均值分别为0.09,0.004,0.09,0.18,0.40和32.80 mg/kg,Cd和Pb的有效态质量分数占全量的比例较高. 4种标准综合评价结果中,轻度、中度和重度污染样点数占样点总数的比例依次为国标(GB15618—1995)二级标准评价(62%)>有效态污染起始值评价(29%)>全量污染起始值评价(24%)>国标三级标准评价(21%).      

Biofuel Plantations on Forested Lands: Double Jeopardy for Biodiversity and Climate

Abstract: The growing demand for biofuels is promoting the expansion of a number of agricultural commodities, including oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Oil‐palm plantations cover over 13 million ha, primarily in Southeast Asia, where they have directly or indirectly replaced tropical rainforest. We explored the impact of the spread of oil‐palm plantations on greenhouse gas emission and biodiversity. We assessed changes in carbon stocks with changing land use and compared this with the amount of fossil‐fuel carbon emission avoided through its replacement by biofuel carbon. We estimated it would take between 75 and 93 years for the carbon emissions saved through use of biofuel to compensate for the carbon lost through forest conversion, depending on how the forest was cleared. If the original habitat was peatland, carbon balance would take more than 600 years. Conversely, planting oil palms on degraded grassland would lead to a net removal of carbon within 10 years. These estimates have associated uncertainty, but their magnitude and relative proportions seem credible. We carried out a meta‐analysis of published faunal studies that compared forest with oil palm. We found that plantations supported species‐poor communities containing few forest species. Because no published data on flora were available, we present results from our sampling of plants in oil palm and forest plots in Indonesia. Although the species richness of pteridophytes was higher in plantations, they held few forest species. Trees, lianas, epiphytic orchids, and indigenous palms were wholly absent from oil‐palm plantations. The majority of individual plants and animals in oil‐palm plantations belonged to a small number of generalist species of low conservation concern. As countries strive to meet obligations to reduce carbon emissions under one international agreement (Kyoto Protocol), they may not only fail to meet their obligations under another (Convention on Biological Diversity) but may actually hasten global climate change. Reducing deforestation is likely to represent a more effective climate‐change mitigation strategy than converting forest for biofuel production, and it may help nations meet their international commitments to reduce biodiversity loss.     

农业合作生产对华北农牧交错区水资源存量和经济效益的影响

针对华北农牧交错区错季蔬菜生产对水资源消耗的争议,通过试验和调查研究相结合的方法,研究了农业“生产－消费”合作生产背景下区域发展错季蔬菜的耗水效果及其对农民收入、水资源存量的影响。结果表明,错季蔬菜生产田间耗水量为农区粮食作物的31.3%~93.3%,而水资源价值为农区粮食作物的4.2~10.7倍;与区域内粮油作物生产相比,错季蔬菜生产少耗水330~754m³/hm²,且其水资源价值为粮油作物的4.0~13.9倍。通过实施粮－菜交换的市场农业战略,区域能用0.175~0.196m³的水交易获得外区域1 m³的水资源,并且实现了研究区用0.93hm²的菜地解决发展错季蔬菜前需要6.9~13.8hm²耕地才能解决的粮食问题。调查表明,通过高效地输出水资源,区域农民收入仅蔬菜一项比全国同期农村人均收入高出了23%。故华北农牧交错区发展错季蔬菜生产是节约和扩大本区域的水资源存量,促进农村脱贫致富、自我发展的有效途径。     

大气颗粒物“二重源解析”技术的误差分析

"二重源解析"模型计算结果的误差是采样误差、样品处理误差、化学组分分析误差、数据处理误差以及数学模型误差等所有误差的积累。提出了"二重源解析"解析结果的相对误差和标准偏差表达式,并用之计算了某市利用"二重源解析"模型计算的源贡献值的相对误差和标准偏差,还针对从源排放出来的初始态颗粒物在传输过程中发生的扬尘态变化提出了扬尘转化率的概念和计算方法。