E‐waste in the world today: An overview of problems and a proposal for improvement in Brazil

Environmental issues have been at the center of society's concerns for a long time. Recently, this kind of concern is growing even more due to the damage caused to the environment by electrical and electronic product waste. Based on this same concern, this work aimed to analyze, through a literature review, the production and treatment of electronic waste in today's world, with an emphasis on Brazil and China. The articles reviewed point to an increase in the production of this type of waste, in both Brazil and China, and reveal that the current processes of treatment of electronic waste mostly aim to obtain profit through the recovery of precious metals such as copper. This paper concluded that although Brazil is one of the major producers of e‐waste, more than 90% of its e‐waste has not had a proper final destination. This deficiency in e‐waste treatment in Brazil is mainly due to financial factors and the lack of a robust educational policy focused on the environment. Thus, this work suggests the implementation of an effective educational policy aimed at environmental conservation, as well as investments in research on recycling methods in Brazil, especially on the use of e‐waste as an aggregate in the manufacture of concrete.     

2020年危险废物市场分析

危险废物处理与政策、法规、标准、技术、市场等影响因素关系密切。对2019年以来我国出台的危险废物管理政策法规、管理措施和标准规范情况进行梳理,对危险废物产生和利用处置情况进行对比分析,对危险废物利用处置技术进展、价格变动和市场投资趋势等进行概述,对环境违法案件舆情及突发事件等因素对危险废物市场影响进行分析,综合运用类比、归纳和演绎等方法,对2020年危险废物市场进行预测分析。     

页岩气增产采出水处理方法研究

针对页岩气增产采出水易起泡,难以平稳蒸发脱盐的问题,利用"预处理+多效蒸发"处理方法,对井站两种不同性质的采出水进行中试,连续监测各工艺单元处理后水质及蒸发出水水质。结果表明:通过破乳混凝、催化氧化、电荷中和及除硬等步骤,能够完全消除泡排水起泡性;中试稳定运行7d,两种泡排水蒸发出水水质稳定,COD浓度<55mg/L,NH4^+-N浓度<18mg/L,满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准;Cl^-浓度<21mg/L,满足DB 51/190-1993《四川省水污染物排放标准》要求。     

基于职能特征分类的政府部门安全生产绩效测量评估机制研究

政府部门工作绩效测量是对政府部门工作开展的效率、效益、公平、秩序等方面进行评估,安全生产工作作为政府部门的主要工作职责,应当开展科学合理的绩效评估。基于政府职能部门的职能划分,分析其在履行职责、责任落实等方面的典型特征,进行绩效评估对象的分类,针对各类部门确定评估指标设计思路,建立评估结果测算模型,设计绩效测量流程,并在华东某省进行实证应用。基于职能特征分类的政府部门安全生产绩效测量评估机制的建立,能够科学、客观分析政府部门安全生产工作落实情况,促进党委政府领导责任、部门监管责任、企业责任、员工责任的层层压实。     

我国煤炭生产重心与消费重心演变轨迹研究

利用重心模型,分别测算了1997—2009年我国煤炭生产重心与消费重心的动态变化轨迹,从方向和距离两方面对其进行了对比分析,探讨了煤炭生产重心与消费重心相互偏离的影响。研究表明,我国煤炭生产重心从剧烈不规则运动到剧烈向西南移动,最后平稳向西北转移,煤炭消费重心平缓地呈现出＂西进南移＂的趋势。两者在经度上收敛,纬度上背离,直线距离从1997年的182km增加到2009年的283km;两者间的背离改变了区域煤炭运输格局,加剧了煤炭运输的难度。     

The influence on the radioxenon background during the temporary suspension of operations of three major medical isotope production facilities in the Northern Hemisphere and during the start-up of another facility in the Southern Hemisphere

Medical isotope production facilities (MIPF) have recently been identified to emit the major part of the environmental radioxenon measured at many globally distributed monitoring sites deployed to strengthen the radionuclide component of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) verification regime. Efforts to raise a global radioxenon emission inventory revealed that the yearly global total emission from MIPF’s is around 15 times higher than the total radioxenon emission from nuclear power plants (NPP's).Given that situation, from mid 2008 until early 2009 two out of the ordinary hemisphere-specific events occured:1) In the Northern hemisphere, a joint temporary suspension of operations of the three largest MIPF's made it possible to quantify the effects of the emissions related to NPP’s. The average activity concentrations of ¹³³Xe measured at a monitoring station close to Freiburg, Germany, went down significantly from 4.5 ± 0.5 mBq/m³ to 1.1 ± 0.1 mBq/m³ and in Stockholm, Sweden, from 2.0 ± 0.4 mBq/m³ to 1.05 ± 0.15 mBq/m³.2) In the Southern hemisphere the only radioxenon-emitting MIPF in Australia started up test production in late November 2008. During eight test runs, up to 6.2 ± 0.2 mBq/m³ of ¹³³Xe was measured at the station in Melbourne, 700 km south-west from the facility, where no radioxenon had been observed before, originating from the isotopic production process.This paper clearly confirms the hypothesis that medical isotope production facility are at present the major emitters of radioxenon to the atmosphere. Suspension of operations of these facilities indicates the scale of their normal contribution to the European radioxenon background, which decreased two to four fold. This also gives a unique opportunity to detect and investigate the influence of other local and long distance sources on the radioxenon background. Finally the opposing effect was studied: the contribution of the start-up of a renewed radiopharmaceutical facility to the build up of a radioxenon background across Australia and the Southern hemisphere.     

初始pH值对泔脚发酵产氢余物甲烷化的强化研究

以城市生活垃圾厌氧消化污泥为接种物,考察了初始pH值为5、6、7和8时对泔脚发酵产氢余物中温(36℃)批式厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,当初始pH值低于7时,随着初始pH值的增大,产氢余物的产甲烷能力也随之增大;而当初始pH值高于7时,体系的产沼能力却受到了极大的抑制。结合Gompertz模型拟合结果,初始pH值为7为泔脚发酵产氢余物沼气化的最佳初始pH值,其沼气化的延迟时间λ、产甲烷率、生物气中甲烷的最高体积含量分别为:4.02 d,379.28 mL/g VS,82.2%。厌氧消化结束后,除初始pH值为5的以外,厌氧消化余物的pH值在6.8~6.9之间,这为沼气中甲烷的高体积含量(高于常规厌氧消化的最高甲烷体积含量75%)提供了证据。     

垂直厌氧折流板反应器处理树脂废水的中试研究

介绍了采用垂直厌氧折流板反应器(VABR)处理离子交换树脂生产废水的中试实验装置以及实验研究过程,并着重分析了COD容积负荷和盐分对COD的去除率及出水VFA的影响,并确定了该废水的厌氧产沼气率。研究结果表明,在中温(37±1℃)环境下,容积负荷在9 kg COD/(m3.d)左右时,HRT为24 h的条件下,VABR对COD的平均去除率保持在70%左右,平均每去除1 kg COD约产生沼气0.44 m3,且运行稳定。     

基于AIC准则优选AR模型研究我国生产事故

目前,由于生产力水平低,安全投入不足,安全监管体制不健全等因素,国内生产安全事故仍然居高不下.将基于AIC准则进行 AR 模型优选的方法应用到我国工矿死亡人数预测中,为事故预测统计提供一种新方法,预测结果将为预防生产安全事故提供依据.     

油气生产过程中集输设施安全管理问题研究

针对油气生产中集输设施安全问题导致的油气泄漏引发的问题,以系统的方法分析其观念、技术、方法对集输设施管理的影响。围绕石油企业降本增效和可持续发展战略目标,从投资、建设、管理、养护各环节,管理体制、运行机制、管理方式等各方面系统研究,通过明确职能、落实责任、制定标准、严格程序、科学奖惩、强化管理等手段,从而树立正确管理理念,完善设施投入机制、监督考核机制、激励约束机制,强化企业管理基础工作等方面,提出与该系统工艺流程相适应的管理模式和方法,以管理优化保障工艺优化,延长设施使用寿命,提高系统运行效率,确保安全生产。