安徽省冬季采暖耗能对全球气候变暖的响应

基于1971—2018年安徽省77个气象站均一化日平均温度资料,采用趋势分析等方法,研究气候变暖对冬季采暖耗能的影响。结果表明：近48年安徽省冬季显著增暖,采暖初日推迟、终日提前,采暖期长度缩短,采暖强度显著下降。冬季温度在1989年发生突变,此后进入升温通道,因而将研究序列划分为基准时段（1971—1989年）和变暖期（1990—2018年）。相比于基准时段,变暖期内采暖期长度呈现空间一致性缩短,变化幅度自东北向西南递减,皖北北部及江淮之间东部缩短程度最大,大别山及皖南山区为全省低值区。全省采暖强度均减少,减少幅度自北向南递减。采暖节能贡献率介于3.6%~8.9%之间,高值区主要位于皖北北部、江淮之间北部和沿江东部,低值区则位于大别山及皖南两大山区。     

粤港澳大湾区植被CUE变化及与气候变化的关系

基于MOD17数据,采用趋势分析和相关分析法,研究了2000~2019年粤港澳大湾区植被生产力和植被碳利用率（CUE）变化及其与气候变化的关系.结果表明,粤港澳大湾区总初级生产力（GPP）和净初级生产力（NPP）均值分别为1.80和0.89kg·C/m²,呈中部低四周高的空间格局,CUE均值为0.51,呈中部和东南部略高于四周的空间格局;GPP和NPP总体呈增加趋势,其年际变化率均值分别为0.01和0.001kg·C/（m²·a）,GPP年增长率远高于NPP年增长率,不同植被类型GPP和NPP也呈增加趋势.植被CUE则呈逐年下降趋势,其年际变化率均值为-0.002a^-1,由于气候因子变化对光合作用速率和呼吸作用速率产生的不同程度影响,从未来发展趋势看,68.22%的区域表明CUE仍呈下降趋势,植被碳固定能力减弱;不同植被类型CUE存在差异,其中农田CUE平均值最高,为（0.511±0.014）,森林和草地CUE分别为（0.500±0.019）和（0.501±0.020）,从变化趋势看,不同植被类型CUE呈极显著下降趋势（P < 0.01）;GPP与气温、累积降雨和累积净太阳辐射量总体呈正相关关系,其所占比例分别为94.52%、53.36%和90.58%,NPP与气温、累积降雨和累积净太阳辐射量总体上也表现为正相关关系,其所占比例分别为86.86%、71.10%和85.97%.然而,CUE与气候因子的关系却有所不同.CUE与气温和累积降雨呈正相关关系,但与累积太阳辐射呈负相关关系,不同植被类型GPP、NPP和CUE与气温、累积降雨量呈正相关关系,GPP和NPP与累计净太阳辐射呈正相关关系,但CUE与累积太阳辐射却呈负相关关系.     

1948~2016年全球主要气象要素演变特征

采用M-K趋势检验与R/S分析法,探究了近70a全球全年及各季节的降水、气温、蒸发量的演变特征与空间分布格局.研究发现：（1）1948~2016年间,全球72.7%地区的降水呈现出非显著的上升或下降趋势,全球总降水量呈现上升趋势,趋势率为1.9mm/10a;全球气温呈现显著性、持续的上升趋势,趋势率为0.23℃/10a,1980年后气温上升速率变快;1980~2016年间全球蒸发量在大部分地区呈现上升趋势,总蒸发量的变化趋势率为8.2mm/10a;Hurst指数显示气温与蒸发变化的持续性明显大于降水量的变化;（2）降水量在北半球高纬地区多呈现出非常显著的增加趋势,在低纬度地区多呈现波动或下降趋势,且在12月~次年5月（DJF、MAM）的上升趋势的显著性普遍高于其他两个季节;气温在DJF和MAM的上升趋势相对微弱,中高纬地区呈现非显著性的变化趋势,亚洲中部部分地区在JJA呈现出显著性的下降趋势;蒸发量在沿海湿润地区的上升趋势显著,美洲北部在DJF呈现出显著下降的趋势,格陵兰岛、尼罗河流域在一年四季均为下降趋势;（3）各大洲的气温在1948~2016年均呈现出显著的上升趋势,其中北美洲的平均上升率最高;降水除非洲外均为上升趋势,非洲地区的降水量呈现出下降趋势,南美洲降水呈现出3个阶段的下降趋势;各大洲的蒸发量均呈现上升趋势,其中欧洲的平均上升率最高;除大洋洲外,各大洲降水量的上升速率低于蒸发量的上升速率.     

Response of community composition and biomass of submerged macrophytes to variation in underwater light, wind and trophic status in a large eutrophic shallow lake

Light climate is of key importance for the growth, community composition of submerged macrophytes in lakes and, they, in turn, are affected by lake depth and the degree of eutrophication. To test the relationships between submerged macrophyte presence and the ratio of Secchi disk depth (SDD) to water depth, i.e. SDD/depth, nutrients and wind, we conducted an extensive sampling campaign in a macrophyte-dominated area of the eastern region (n = 36) in 2016 in Lake Taihu, China, and combined the data gathered with results from extensive physico-chemical monitoring data from the entire lake. We confirmed that SDD/Depth is the primary factor controlling the community composition of macrophytes and showed that plant abundance increased with increasing SDD/Depth ratio (p < 0.01), but that only SDD/Depth > 0.4 ensured growth of submerged macrophytes. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen also influenced the growth and community composition of macrophytes (p < 0.01), while Chla was an indirectly affecting factor by reducing underwater light penetration. Wave height significantly influenced plant abundance (p < 0.01), whereas it had little effect on the biomass (p > 0.05). The key to restore the macrophyte beds in the lake is to reduce the nutrient loading. A decrease of the water level may contribute as well in the shallow bays but will not bring plants back in the main part of the lake. As the tolerance of shade and nutrients varied among the species studied, this should be taken into account in the restoration of lakes by addition of plants.     

Hydrological Variability and Uncertainty of Lower Missouri River Basin Under Changing Climate

The lower Missouri River Basin has experienced increasing streamflow and flooding events, with higher risk of extreme hydrologic impacts under changing climate. The newly available North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) climate projections were used as atmospheric forcing for Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model which runs with varying potential evapotranspiration (PET) methods to assess the hydrological change and uncertainty of 2040‐2069 over 1968‐1997. The NARCCAP temperature and precipitation predictions were refined using a bias correction method. The results show that, following the seasonal variability of precipitation, various water fluxes would increase in most seasons except the summer. Expected precipitation tends to increase in intensity with little change in frequency, triggering faster surface water concentration to form floods. The greatest streamflow increase would occur from November to February, increasing by around 10% on average. An increase of 3% occurs in the other months except for July and August in which river discharge decreases by around 2%. The climate predictions contribute more uncertainty annually, but PET algorithms gain more influence in winter or when other weather factors such as wind play a relatively more important role on evapotranspiration flux. This study predicts an even wetter environment compared to the historically very wet period, with the possibility of more flooding.     

Precipitation Amount and Intensity Trends Across Southwest Saudi Arabia

This study examines precipitation accumulation and intensity trends across a region in southwest Saudi Arabia characterized by distinct seasonal weather patterns and mountainous terrain. The region is an example of an arid/semiarid area faced with maintaining sustainable water resources with a growing population. Annual and seasonal trends in precipitation amount were examined from 29 rain gages divided among four geographically unique regions from 1945/1946 to 2009. Two of the regions displayed significantly declining annual trends over the time series using a Mann‐Kendall test modified for autocorrelation (α < 0.05). Seasonal analysis revealed insignificant declining trends in at least two of the regions during each season. The largest and most consistent declining trends occurred during wintertime where all regions experienced negative trends. Several intensity metrics were examined in the study area from four additional stations containing daily data from 1985 to 2011. Intensity metrics included total precipitation, wet day count, simple intensity index, maximum daily annual rainfall, and upper/lower precipitation distribution changes. In general, no coherent trends were found among the daily stations suggesting precipitation is intensifying across the study area. The work represents the first of its size in the study area, and one of few in the region due to the lack of available long‐term data needed to properly examine precipitation changes.     

中国中强地震与天气异常探讨

从我国６．０级以上中、强地震的时空分布状态入手,选择台湾附近（北纬２０°─２５°,东经１２０°─１２３°）的中、强地震作为样本,对地震前后的５００ｈＰａ环流特征和５００ｈＰａ波谱等进行了分析,发现地震发生时产生的热能能够激发大气波谱的活跃和增幅,从而引导了地震前后冷空气的南下,进而讨论了地震爆发往往伴随强风现象的物理机制．     

半干旱-亚湿润干旱沙区樟子松根内真菌群落结构和功能时空动态特征

研究揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林和不同引种地(呼伦贝尔沙地、科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地)不同林龄(中龄林、近熟林和成熟林)人工林根内真菌群落结构和功能时空动态特征及其对环境变化(气候因子和土壤理化性质)的响应,阐明樟子松根内真菌生态功能及其与林木生长的互作关系.结果表明：(1)樟子松人工林根内真菌多样性指数均显著高于天然林(P<0.05),且毛乌素沙地人工林最高;樟子松根内真菌群落存在明显的地理分布,但林龄影响不存在显著差异(P>0.05).(2)与樟子松人工林相比,天然林外生菌根真菌比例更高(50.49%),主要包括Acephala、小菇属(Mycena)和乳牛肝菌属(Suillus);樟子松天然林主要指示菌种为Acephala,呼伦贝尔沙地人工林为肉齿菌属(Sarcodon),科尔沁沙地人工林为红菇属(Russula)和美口菌属(Calostoma),毛乌素沙地人工林为地孔菌属(Geopora)、Mallocybe和棉革菌属(Tomentella).(3)在樟子松天然林和人工林中,指示菌种主要受到有效氮、有效磷和林龄的影响,而与土壤含水量、 pH值和全氮含量相关的指示菌种数...     

Geopolitics of global climate change and energy security

Currently,the problem of climate change is already far beyond the category of scientific research,and it affects the economic operation mode,interests pattern,and geographical relationships and becomes the focus of global governance.During the transition period of the international economic and social development and the critical transformation period of the world geopolitical pattern reorganization,China’s industrialization is still at the intermediate stage,and tackling with climate change is also China’s internal demand under this development stage.With more influence of climate change on national competitiveness,climate change and geopolitics present complex multiple relations,and climate change in the era of geopolitical landscape gradually affected the national strategy and diplomacy.This article offered some relevant suggestions based on evaluating the new geopolitical characteristics of climate change:(1)weighing of interests and properly handling the complex relations among major powers during international climate negotiations;(2)strengthening risk judgments and actively cooperating with the United States and the European Union on energy and climate change;(3)relying on the"One Belt(Silk Road Economic Belt)and One Road(twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road)"to ensure China’s energy security and actively participating in the global energy governance;(4)strengthening the"south-south cooperation"mechanism innovation and increasing the investment.     

1901—2017年藏西南高原气候及其生产潜力时空变化

研究全球变暖背景下藏西南高原气候及气候生产潜力时空分布,对该区农牧业发展、生态保护和可持续发展等具有重要意义。基于1901—2017年的中国气象再分析数据,利用Miami和Thornthwaite Memorial模型对近117年藏西南高原气候变化、气候生产潜力的时空分布及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：近117年来藏西南高原年均温呈上升趋势,年均降水量呈下降趋势,并存在明显周期和突变点;温度生产潜力呈增加趋势,空间上自东南向西北递减;降水、蒸散和标准生产潜力呈减小趋势,呈现自南向北递减的空间分布特征;标准生产潜力由降水和温度共同决定,降水是主要限制因子。未来气候若持续“暖干化”变化,将导致藏西南高原气候生产潜力下降。为促进畜牧业发展和生态环境的改善,未来应进一步推进退牧还草、人工种草、舍饲养殖等工程,并选用耐寒耐旱高产草种,提高牧草产量,实现草畜平衡,以推动传统畜牧业向现代牧业转变,实现草原生态保护和可持续发展。