山东省1960—2011年参考作物蒸散量变化特征研究

为了研究山东省参考作物蒸散量（ET0）的变化特征,选取属于湿润气候的成山头站以及属于半湿润气候的惠民站、济南站、潍坊站、定陶站、兖州站6个气象站,利用国家气象资料中心提供的1960—2011年的逐日气象资料,采用距平分析、回归分析和地理信息系统分析了山东省ET0的年代际、年际和年内的时空变化趋势,并通过偏相关分析及标准化偏回归系数对各站ET0的影响因素进行研究。结果表明：半湿润区ET0年代均值大于湿润区ET0年代均值,其中济南站最大,最大值出现在20世纪70年代,达到1269.2 mm,成山头站最小,最小值也出现在20世纪70年代,为900.8 mm;6个站点中,济南站ET0值年际间的变化最大,极差达到351.9mm,定陶的极差最小,为157.8 mm。潍坊的ET0年际波动最大,标准差达到74.4 mm;定陶的年际ET0标准差达到51.4 mm,波动最小。6个站点的ET0年均值随时间呈现不同程度的降低,其中潍坊和兖州为极显著,济南和定陶为显著降低。ET0年均值在空间上的分布规律为：济南站〉潍坊站〉惠民站〉兖州站〉定陶站〉成山头站;6个站点的ET0都是夏季最高,冬季最低。春季平均ET0值中部地区最大,达到409.0 mm,东北部沿海区最小,只有237.2 mm。夏季平均ET0值的空间分布与全年平均ET0值的空间分布较为一致,只在惠民站为中心的小区域内出现降低,与周围区域有反差。秋、冬季平均ET0值在中部及东北部均较大,东北部最大,西南部及西北部较小,最小值出现在西南地区。半湿润气候的惠民站、济南站、潍坊站、定陶站、兖州站的ET0随时间的年内变化曲线为单峰型,峰值均出现在夏季6月,全年的第162天。湿润气候下成山头站的ET0随时间的年内变化曲线呈双峰型,峰值分别出现在春季5月,全年第150天以及秋季9月,全年第270天;山东省ET0与气象要素间的相关性很好,除成山头站的最低气温外,均达到极显著水平。影响山东省湿润气候和半湿润气候ET0变化的主要气象要素分别为最高气温和平均气温。     

淮河中上游参考作物腾发量趋势变化及其成因

参考作物腾发量(ET0)是由平均气温(Tm)、实际水汽压(ea)、风速(u2)和净辐射(Rn)等多个气候要素驱动的,因此,气候变化对ET0的影响是显而易见的。分析ET0和各气候要素的时空变化特征可以获得气候变化对ET0的影响。利用Mann-Kendall(MK)检验分析了淮河中上游流域1959—2009年ET0及各气候要素的变化趋势。并且利用偏相关分析和贡献分析获得ET0和主要气候要素之间的定性和定量关系。结果显示,大部分站点的年ET0表现出显著的下降趋势。在夏季,所有站点的ET0都表现出显著的下降趋势,且西北部地区尤其显著。其他3个季节显著下降的ET0趋势主要分布在淮河中上游流域的西北部地区。年及夏季的ET0在1970年以后表现出下降的趋势并且在1975年以后变的显著,其余3个季节ET0并无明显变化特征,说明夏季ET0的显著减少是年ET0显著减少的主要原因;实际水汽压与ET0之间表现出显著的负相关关系,而平均温度、净辐射和风速则表现出显著的正相关关系;无论从定性的偏相关关系还是定量的贡献分析都可看出虽然年及四季的平均气温是显著上升的,并且导致了ET0的增加,但是整个流域显著下降的风速和净辐射直接导致了年及夏季ET0的显著减少。     

Nexus security: governance, innovation and the resilient city

Nexus security is a compound mix of ideas: reconciling human needs and wants with access to multiple resources; diversity of access to those resources and services; resilience in the face of weather- and climaterelated variability; resilience likewise in the face of infrastructure failure; and the personal, individual sense of belonging. At the level of Systems Thinking there is a very close relationship between resilience in the behavior of natural (ecological) systems and resilience in the social dynamics of governance within communities, where such resilience establishes the viability of these communities over centuries, which in turn entails successful stewardship of the man-environment relationship. We use insights from this cross-system mapping — across natural, built, and human systems — to assess, first, the role of city governance in achieving nexus security (or not) and, second, the role of technological innovations in serving the same purpose. More specifically, eight principles, covering resilience and diversity of access to resources and services, are used to gauge security-enhancing features of city buildings and infrastructure. Case studies include new designs of resilient office blocks, nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) recovery systems for sanitation and wastewater treatment, and the reconstruction of urban parks for the provision of ecosystem services. Throughout the paper, matters of risk in the face of meteorological variability are prominent. We do not conclude, however, that the presence of risk implies nexus insecurity.     

基于仿真的交通事故机动车驾驶人识别方法

为正确识别交通事故中的机动车驾驶人,借助仿真软件,提出一种基于仿真的机动车驾驶人识别方法。先根据事故现场痕迹,借助Pc-Crash软件仿真车辆的运动轨迹;再根据Pc-Crash仿真所得速度、位置等信息,借助Madymo软件仿真乘员的运动;然后通过分析车辆运动轨迹、人体损伤和人体最终停止位置等仿真结果确定驾驶人。最后用该方法识别了一例2车侧面碰撞事故中的驾驶人,所得结果与警方调查结果一致。借助仿真方法并充分利用事故现场痕迹,能够识别机动车驾驶人。     

基于改进极端学习机的混沌时间序列瓦斯涌出量预测

为更准确地预测瓦斯涌出量,预防瓦斯灾害,有必要建立和应用基于改进极端学习机(IELM)的混沌时间序列预测模型。首先,对瓦斯涌出量监测数据构成的多变量时间序列进行相空间重构,采用互信息法与虚假邻点法得到每一变量的延迟时间和最佳嵌入维数;然后,通过最小二乘方法和误差反馈原理计算出最优的网络输入层到隐含层的学习参数,对极端学习机(ELM)进行改进;最后,借助IELM建立瓦斯混沌时间序列的预测模型。通过仿真试验,运用该预测模型预测的最大相对误差为3.290 2%,最小相对误差为0.898 2%,平均相对误差为1.952 8%。     

气候变化对珙桐分布的潜在影响

分析气候变化对植物分布的影响,对气候变化影响下的生物多样性保护具有重要意义. 利用分类和回归树 (Classification and Regression Tree,CART)生态位模型,设定A1,A2,B1和B2 4种气候变化情景,模拟分析了气候变化对珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill)分布的影响. 结果表明:随气候变化,珙桐目前适宜分布范围将减小,但新适宜及总适宜分布范围将扩大;珙桐适宜分布范围在模拟时段呈缩小趋势,在A1情景下减幅最大,B1情景下减幅最小. 气候变化后,由于珙桐目前适宜分布范围的东部、南部、北部、东北部和东南部地区缩小,而新适宜分布范围将主要向我国西部及西南部地区扩展,因此,目前适宜分布范围将被破碎化. 气温变化对珙桐分布范围的影响大于降水量的影响.      

A Realistic Assessment of the Indicator Potential of Butterflies and Other Charismatic Taxonomic Groups

Abstract:  Charismatic groups of animals and plants often are proposed as sentinels of environmental status and trends. Nevertheless, many claims that a certain taxonomic group can provide more-general information on environmental quality are not evaluated critically. To address several of the many definitions of indicator species, we used butterflies to explore in some detail the attributes that affect implementation of indicators generically. There probably are few individual species, or sets of species, that can serve as scientifically valid, cost-effective measures of the status or trend of an environmental phenomenon that is difficult to measure directly. Nevertheless, there are species with distributions, abundances, or demographic characteristics that are responsive to known environmental changes. In this context, single or multiple species can serve as indicators when targets are defined explicitly, ecological relationships between the target and the putative indicators are well understood, and data are sufficient to differentiate between deterministic and stochastic responses. Although these situations exist, they are less common than might be apparent from an extensive and often confounded literature on indicators. Instead, the public appeal of charismatic groups may be driving much of their acclaim as indicators. The same taxon may not be appropriate for marketing a general conservation mission and for drawing strong inference about specific environmental changes. To provide insights into the progress of conservation efforts, it is essential to identify scientific and practical criteria for selection and application of indicators and then to examine whether a given taxonomic group meets those criteria .     

Exploring the relationship between residential segregation and thermal inequity in 20 U.S. cities

A combination of the urban heat island effect and a rising temperature baseline resulting from global climate change inequitably impacts socially vulnerable populations residing in urban areas. This article examines racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in the spatial distribution of exposure to urban heat in the context of climate justice and residential segregation in the U.S. An urban heat risk index (UHRI) is calculated from measures of land surface temperature, structural density, and vegetation abundance, acquired from summer 2010 remote sensing imagery. Twenty of the largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the U.S. are selected and analysed using census tract-level socio-demographic data from the U.S. Census. Multilevel modelling is utilised to examine the statistical associations between urban heat, minority status, socioeconomic disadvantage, and MSA-level segregation of racial/ethnic minority groups. Variables representing socioeconomic status (i.e. household income, home ownership, and education level) are consistently and significantly associated with greater urban heat exposure. Minority status and measures of segregation have a significant but varied relationship with urban heat exposure, indicating that there are inconsistent associations with urban heat due to differing social geographies. Urban heat and social vulnerability present a varying landscape of thermal inequity in different metropolitan areas, associated in many cases with residential segregation.     

气候变化背景下四川省单季稻水分盈亏的变化特征

研究利用四川稻区109 个气象台站1961-2010 年的地面气象资料和16 个农业气象站 1981-2010 年的单季稻生育期资料,计算了研究区水稻不同生育期的有效降水量和需水量,并探讨了水稻不同生育阶段内的缺水量和缺水率。结果表明,1961-2010 年四川水稻年均缺水率在孕穗到开花期最高,移栽到孕穗期次之,开花到成熟期最低。近50 a 来,水稻全生育期年有效降水量、需水量和缺水量总体表现为减少趋势,而缺水率在稻区中、西部总体呈升高趋势; 有效降水量在移栽到孕穗期和开花到成熟期以减小为主,而在孕穗到开花期总体呈升高趋势; 需水量在水稻不同生育期内总体均表现为减小趋势;缺水量和缺水率在孕穗到成熟期以减小为主,而在移栽到孕穗期稻区中、西部地区呈升高趋势。研究可为四川稻区的农业用水及合理灌溉提供依据。