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181.
Bradford P. Wilcox Clayton L. Hanson J. Ross Wight Wilbert H. Blackburn 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(3):653-666
ABSTRACT: An excellent hydrologic record on sagebrush range-land has been developed at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwestern Idaho. The objectives of this paper were two-fold: (1) to analyze and describe the hydrologic record (8–18 years) from four sagebrush watersheds (1–83 ha); and (2) to evaluate the hydrology component of SPUR, a comprehensive rangeland model. The watersheds represent a gradient in elevation (1180–1658 m) and precipitation (240–350 mm/yr). Runoff was a small fraction (> 2 percent) of the total water budget for all of the watersheds. It occurred very infrequently at the three lower elevation watersheds: Summit, Flats, and Nancy Gulch. At Lower Sheep, the highest elevation watershed, runoff occurred most years for a period of 1 to 17 weeks in the winter. Frozen soil combined with rainfall or snowmelt was associated with most of the runoff from Flats and Nancy Gulch. At Summit summertime thunderstorms produced all of the runoff. The average annual sediment yield from all of the watersheds was low (17–950 kg/ha). It was highest from Summit, which had well developed alluvial channels and very steep slopes. SPUR was able to simulate runoff with reasonable accuracy only at Summit, where frozen soils were not a factor. There was poor correlation between predicted and actual annual 8ediment loss. The model tended to overpredict evapotranspiration early in the growing season and underpredict it in the late summer. 相似文献
182.
Dragan A. Savic Donald H. Burn Zolt Zrinji 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(5):977-983
ABSTRACT: An analysis of four streamflow generation schemes for the use in the estimation of the required conservation storage for a single reservoir is presented. The comparison of the generating schemes should aid in the selection of an appropriate model type for the reservoir sizing problem. The streamflow generation models are compared using two criteria. The first comparison is between the statistics of the generated streamflow sequences and the corresponding statistics from the historical record. The second evaluation compares the median reservoir size determined by each model with the required storage based on the historical flow sequence. The results of a comparative analysis for monthly streamflow data for the Rzav River in Yugoslavia are presented and discussed. The results indicate that both evaluation criteria are required to discriminate between the various options. 相似文献
183.
Environmental degradation, competition for resources, increasing food demands, and the integration of agriculture into the
international economy threaten the sustainability of many food production systems. Despite these concerns, the concept of
sustainable food production systems remains unclear, and recent attempts to appraise sustainability have been hampered by
conceptual inconsistencies and the absence of workable definitions. Six perspectives are shown to underpin the concept. Environmental
accounting identifies biophysical limits for agriculture. Sustained yield refers to output levels that can be maintained continuously.
Carrying capacity defines maximum population levels that can be supported in perpetuity. Production unit viability refers
to the capacity of primary producers to remain in agriculture. Product supply and security focuses on the adequacy of food
supplies. Equity is concerned with the spatial and temporal distribution of products dervied from resource use. Many studies
into sustainable agriculture cover more than one of these perspectives, indicating the concept is complex and embraces issues
relating to the biophysical, social, and economic environments. Clarification of the concept would facilitate the development
of frameworks and analytical systems for appraising the sustainability of food production systems.
LRRC Contribution No. 90–46. 相似文献
184.
ABSTRACT: Drought has been a prevalent feature of the American landscape during the latter part of the 1980s, producing serious socioeconomic and environmental consequences. These recent experiences with drought have renewed concern about the inadequacy of federal and state contingency planning efforts and the lack of coordination for assessment and response efforts between these levels of government. This paper presents the results of research aimed at facilitating the preparation of drought contingency plans by state government in conjunction with a state's overall water management planning activity. The ten-step drought plan development process reported is intended to improve mitigation efforts through more timely, effective, and efficient assessment and response activities. Officials in appropriate state agencies should examine the proposed framework and alter it to best address drought-related concerns, adding or deleting elements as necessary. 相似文献
185.
本文以提高光热资源利用率、人工改变秧田微气候条件,提早中稻播期为突破口,辅之以提早移栽期和间种优质懦稻等系列配套技术措施,促成了前季中稻的早熟、高产、早收,同时又为后季再生稻创造了必要的时间和温光条件,从而使水稻单产提高20%以上。 相似文献
186.
Lowell F W. Duell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(5):841-859
ABSTRACT: The sensitivity of streamflow to climate change was investigated in the American, Carson, and Truckee River Basins, California and Nevada. Nine gaging stations were used to represent streamflow in the basins. Annual models were developed by regressing 1961–1991 streamflow data on temperature and precipitation. Climate-change scenarios were used as inputs to the models to determine streamflow sensitivities. Climate-change scenarios were generated from historical time series by modifying mean temperatures by a range of +4°C to—4°C and total precipitation by a range of +25 percent to -25 percent. Results show that streamflow on the warmer, lower west side of the Sierra Nevada generally is more sensitive to temperature and precipitation changes than is streamflow on the colder, higher east side. A 2°C rise in temperature and a 25-percent decrease in precipitation results in stream-flow decreases of 56 percent on the American River and 25 percent on the Carson River. A 2°C decline in temperature and a 25-percent increase in precipitation results in streamflow increases of 102 percent on the American River and 22 percent on the Carson River. 相似文献
187.
During the period of 1972 through 1993, Environmental Concern Inc. (EC) and its recent (1989) affiliate Environmental Construction
Company (ECC) have completed 216 marsh construction projects to control upland bank erosion in tributaries of the Maryland
portion of Chesapeake Bay. Of these projects, 26 have involved marsh construction on unaltered existing shores and 190 have
utilized marsh construction on shores that have been restored to former increased elevations through shoreline filling and
grading. This paper describes the latter restoration technique. Throughout the 21-year period of applying the technique for
long-term upland bank erosion control, refinements to the design standards and criteria for site suitability have been made
so as to optimize its successful application. As a result of this experience, a reliable bioengineering restoration technique
has evolved to control upland bank erosion. This paper describes the details of this successful technique through a review
of: (1) its objectives and benefits, (2) suitability of sites for its application, (3) the design of its shore restoration,
(4) its construction, (5) its maintenance, and (6) comparison of its cost with those of structural techniques for bank erosion
control. Although the technique has only been applied in the Maryland portions of Chesapeake Bay, its applicability should,
with modifications, be broadly applicable to all water bodies. 相似文献
188.
The Neebing-McIntyre floodway in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, has been constructed with a relatively straight and uniform trapezoidal channel, compared with the prechannelized sinuous reaches of the Neebing and the McIntyre rivers. The flow regime of the floodway also contrasts significantly with the prechannelized regime, because of the combination of discharges from these rivers into a new channel and the regulation of flows by a diversion structure. The maximum channel capacity of the floodway is about 284 m3 s–1 (175-year regional flood), compared with about 40 m3 s–1 and 60 m3 s–1, respectively, for the Neebing and the McIntyre. According to regime theories, the construction of a straight and trapezoidal channel has upset the equilibrium of the stream system and therefore should lead to some accelerated erosion and sedimentation processes in the new channel immediately after construction. Erosion potential is particularly high during higher discharge events, when flow velocities are expected to be greater than the prechannelized velocities of the Neebing and the McIntyre. The overall sediment yield of the watershed is low (71t km–2 yr–1), compared with other documented watersheds of North America, but the rates of deposition in the floodway are relatively high, mainly due to the backwater effect of Lake Superior. Unless maintained by constant channel work, the floodway will tend to fill up with sediment, until a postconstructional equilibrium is reestablished. 相似文献
189.
Y. Dubuc P. Janneteau R. Labont C. Roy F. Brire 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(2):297-303
ABSTRACT: The use of peatlands as the main form of wastewater treatment in a northern climate was studied for the James Bay Energy Society. The Fontanges campsite (70° 17′ 30″ W; 54° 34′ 00″ N) was chosen as the study site. In less than 1.5 km from the point of discharge BOD5, COD, total hardness, inorganic carbon, orthophosphates, total phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen were reduced by at least 90 percent. The peatland treatment system studied is divided into four components, each having a specific function. The first part combines the action of microorganisms and adsorption on peat, thus reducing the organic content while increasing the inorganic constituents. The second part uses peat to adsorb the inorganic elements already present in the wastewater and those produced in the first part of the system. The third component acts as an aerator, increasing the dissolved oxygen and decreasing the BOD5 levels of the water. The fourth part removes most of the remaining nutrients, thus acting like a tertiary treatment. Overall, peatlands seemed to be effective in treating domestic settled wastewater in a cold climate. 相似文献
190.