施氮对稻麦轮作系统综合增温潜势的影响

采用典型区域田间试验结合生物地球化学模型（DNDC模型）,以上海市崇明岛为例对稻麦轮作系统作物产量和温室气体排放进行了模拟研究。结果表明：DNDC模型能较好地模拟田间实测到的稻麦轮作系统温室气体排放通量。在常规用量的80%~150%之间增施氮肥对作物产量无显著增加,但稻麦轮作系统综合温室效应呈递增趋势。东滩农业园区稻麦轮作系统最优施氮量为常规用量的6298%,此时单位产量增温潜势（Global Warming Potential,GWP）最小,作物产量为12 8775 kg/(hm2〖DK〗·a),综合温室效应较常规施氮降低3670%。长江下游地区稻麦两熟制农业生态系统能够通过合理控制农田氮肥用量减少温室气体排放净通量,降低作物单位产量GWP     

基于双指标的安康水库防洪预报调度规则研究

随着水文预报水平的提高,考虑预报信息的防洪预报调度方式日益受到重视。对安康水库实施防洪预报调度的可行性进行了分析,采用“逐级调节法”反复试算修正,确定了以“预报累积净雨量”为主判断指标、“库水位”为辅助指标的安康水库双指标防洪预报调度规则,并对设计洪水及实际洪水进行了调节,调节结果与常规调度比较,水库水位提前降低至汛限水位以下,增加了防洪库容,减小了洪峰段下泄流量,降低了水库最高水位,提高了防洪能力。同时选择不同起调水位,对设计洪水及实际洪水进行调节, 确定合适起调水位,并分析了预报调度和常规调度的风险。结果显示：起调水位抬升,防洪预报调度的风险有所增加,但仍小于常规调度风险,为更好的实现洪水资源的有效利用,建议预报调度起调水位定为3260 m     

水位变动下三峡库区消落带植物群落特征

水位变动是湿地的基本特征之一,对湿地生态系统意义重大。为了解水位变动对三峡库区消落带植物群落的影响,于2010年8月对白夹溪消落带植物群落进行调查,采用TWINSPAN分类法对植物群落进行分类。结果表明:共发现维管植物85种,隶属34科70属;植物群落可划分为18个类型,狗牙根等5种群落为白夹溪消落带代表性植物群落;随着淹水程度的加深,群落组成呈现出由旱生植物到湿生植物的过渡趋势;植物群落香农指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数和生物量指数随水位梯度呈“∧”型变化趋势,辛普森指数呈“∨”型变化趋势。与156 m蓄水周期相比,植物物种数量、群落类型及组成、多样性均发生改变。水位变动是消落带新生湿地植物群落变化的主要驱动因子     

基于多中心与区域共生的长三角地区协调发展研究

多中心城市经济族群式发展是区域发展的重要模式,也是未来区域经济发展的中心与财富积累与增长中心.在全球化与区域一体化驱动下,以城市为核心的多中心经济板块间的联系与关联性越来越明显.长三角作为中国区域经济发展的重要区域,城市经济多中心化与模块化成为其重要表现载体,如何实现多中心的互动、关联与协调发展成为长三角未来综合竞争力提升的重要内容,也是推动长三角持续发展的重要因子.多中心共生作为多中心间新的关联形式,有利于探索区域协调发展的新思路与新模式.利用城市经济能级、城市经济关联、城市流强度与城市外向功能指数等对长三角16个城市进行定.比较分析了长三角城市经济运行态势,并在诊断性分析的基础上,提出了长三角城市经济发展的多中心协同共生、创新发展与集群式发展、新型城市化道路等对策.     

沿海城市土地集约利用水平演变研究——以大连市为例

根据城市土地集约利用涵义,综合考虑沿海城市化进程中城市土地集约利用的经济、社会与环境效益,选取了大连市1997—2007年8项指标,运用主成分分析法进行城市土地集约利用水平评价。在评价基础上结合大连城市发展特征,分析了城市土地集约利用水平演变趋势和阶段性。结果表明,大连城市土地集约利用水平逐年提高,且具有缓慢的连续性和骤增的阶段性特征。连续性提高是由于城市人口、经济聚集、经济容量增大、人口密度增加、城市设施局部优化完善使城市土地集约利用水平不断提高;阶段性提高是由于建成区土地面积扩张期伴随大幅度城市用地结构的优化调整和城市设施的整体完善过程,使城市土地集约利用水平显著提高。     

Biological Responses to Contrasting Hydrology in Backwaters of Upper Mississippi River Navigation Pool 25

Water level management in Mississippi River Pool 25 differentially influences off-channel habitats in the mid-pool and lower pool. Hydrologic models indicate lower pool off-channel habitats dry with greater frequency and duration compared to similar habitats at mid-pool. We examined the influence of this contrasting hydrology on substrate characteristics, organic matter, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities in off-channel habitats during 2001–2003. Benthic organic matter standing stocks were stable in mid-pool habitats but lower pool values were variable because of annual differences in moist-soil vegetation production. Generally, small-bodied and multivoltine invertebrate taxa had high community biomass and dominated lower pool habitats, whereas longer-lived and large-bodied taxa were more abundant and had higher community biomass in mid-pool habitats having longer hydroperiods. Fish communities were dominated by cyprinids in both habitats, and mid-pool habitats tended to be higher in overall species richness. Unique fish taxa were collected in each pool, with primarily rheophilic forms in mid-pool habitats and limnophilic forms in lower pool habitats. Results indicate that contrasting hydrology associated with a mid-pool control point directly and indirectly influences biological communities in off-channel habitats. Further, management regimes that promote hydrologic diversity in off-channel habitats may enhance biological diversity at larger spatial and temporal scales.     

Congener-specific accumulation and trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in spider crab food webs revealed by stable isotope analysis

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and stable isotopes (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed in the spider crab (Maja brachydactyla) food web from the Iroise Sea (Western Brittany) and the Seine Bay (Eastern English Channel). PCB concentrations were all significantly higher in organisms from the Seine Bay than those from the Iroise Sea. PCB patterns were strongly related to the feeding mode of the species, and increased influence of higher chlorinated congeners was highlighted with trophic position of the organisms. PCB concentrations (lipid normalized) were significantly related to the isotopically derived trophic level (TL) in spider crab food webs. The highest trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were calculated for the congeners with 2,4,5-substitution, and were lower in the Seine Bay compared to the Iroise Sea. The confrontation of PCB and TL data also revealed biotransformation capacity of decapod crustaceans for specific congeners based on structure-activity relations.     

安全仪表系统的应用及发展

探讨安全仪表系统在过程工业中的必要性与重要性,以ISA/S84.01安全仪表系统生命周期为基本框架,介绍安全仪表系统的基本组成和生命周期各阶段的主要工作,阐述安全仪表系统与过程控制系统的异同。研究安全仪表系统设计过程中风险分析与安全完整性水平等的关键技术;总结了目前安全仪表系统所呈现出的新特点、新趋势;指出安全仪表系统未来发展的方向;同时认为安全仪表系统作为一种有效的安全保障措施,应当以风险与危害分析为基础,按照最低合理可行原则,根据对象的不同特点,确定适当的安全完整性水平。该应用研究成果对于安全仪表系统的设计与应用具有一定的指导意义。     

中国居民能源价格扭曲的家庭消费效应

以电力能源为研究对象,选取2014—2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)与能源价格扭曲指标的匹配数据,从微观家庭层面经验考察了居民能源价格扭曲对家庭消费的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:(1)普遍存在负向扭曲的居民电力价格提升了居民家庭消费水平,特别是增加了居民家庭的电能、食品、衣着鞋帽、设备及日用品、交通通信、文教娱乐及其他分项消费支出。(2)居民能源价格扭曲通过收入效应与互补效应影响居民家庭消费水平及其结构。(3)居民能源价格扭曲的家庭消费效应在城乡家庭之间、城乡各收入组家庭之间存在异质性。居民能源价格扭曲对农村家庭消费水平的促进作用比城镇家庭更大,同时,居民能源价格扭曲对城乡家庭消费的促进作用都体现在提高各自高收入组家庭消费。这些结论可为推进能源市场化改革并建立公平与效率兼容的能源价格机制提供决策参考。     

Theoretical and Empirical Analysis on Influence Factors of Modern Agricultural Equipment Level in the Process of Agricultural Sustainable Development

Abstract

To promote modern agricultural equipment level is one characteristic of constructing and developing modern agriculture in China. This paper makes up stepwise linear regression analysis model of influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level, and chooses rural labor, per capita income of rural residents, rural investment, proportion of people at secondary education level and at higher level in per hundred rural labor force and arable land area as independent variables, and total power of machine as induced variable. The major results show that the relativity of modern agricultural equipment level, rural investment and education level of peasants is remarkable, and they are the major influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level. Raising investment level of rural infrastructure construction as well as and research and development and promotion of advanced and applicable modern agricultural equipment, improving quality and education level of peasants can accelerate the development of China’s modern agricultural equipment effectively in the process of agricultural sustainable development.