汾河底泥耗氧速率测试

以汾河运城段几个县界断面底泥和水质为实验目标,采用实验室测定方法,分别对在平水期、枯水期的底泥耗氧(SOD)速率进行测试,并对测试条件进行优化,对结果进行分析。研究表明,无论枯水期还是平水期,SOD总体变化趋势与河流水质污染(化学需氧量、氨氮)趋势基本一致。     

An agent based model to simulate structural and land use changes in agricultural systems of the argentine pampas

The Argentine Pampas, one of the main agricultural areas in the world, recently has undergone significant changes in land use and structural characteristics of agricultural production systems. Concerns about the environmental and societal impacts of the changes motivated development of an agent-based model (ABM) to gain insight on processes underlying recent observed patterns. The model is described following a standard protocol (ODD). Results are discussed for an initial set of simplified simulations performed to understand the processes that generated and magnified the changes in the Pampas. Changes in the structure of agricultural production and land tenure seem to be driven by differences among farmers’ ability to generate sufficient agricultural income to remain in business. In turn, as no off-farm or credit is modeled, economic sustainability is tied to initial resource endowment (area cropped). Farmers operating small areas are economically unviable and must lease out their farms to farmers operating larger areas. This leads to two patterns: (a) a concentration of production (fewer farmers operating larger areas) and, (b) an increase in the area operated by tenants. The simulations showed an increase of soybean area, linked to the higher profitability of this crop. Despite the stylized nature of initial simulations, all emerging patterns are highly consistent with changes observed in the Pampas.     

An evaluation approach using a HARA and FMEDA for the hardware SIL

Safety instrumented systems (SIS) are becoming increasingly complex, and form a growing proportion of programmable electronic parts. The IEC 61508 global standard was established to ensure the functional safety of SIS; however, it was expressed in highly macroscopic terms. The safety integrity level (SIL) is a criterion describing whether a component meets the safety requirements of a SIS. The safety requirements give a target SIL for the expected risks using hazard analysis and risk assessment (HARA). The SIL must correspond to the safety requirements. This study introduces an evaluation process for determining the hardware SIL through failure modes, effects, and diagnostic analysis (FMEDA). First, the components of the SIS subsystem are defined in terms of failure modes and effects, and then the failure rate and failure mechanism distribution are assigned to each component. The safety mode and detectability of each failure mode are determined for each component and, finally, the hardware SIL is evaluated. We perform a case study to evaluate the hardware SIL of the flame scanner system using HARA and FMEDA, where the safety requirement of the flame scanner was determined using the risk graph method. We verified that the hardware SIL of the flame scanner corresponded to the safety requirement.     

Most Comfortable Listening Level and Speech Attenuation by Hearing Protectors

Hearing protectors attenuate both the background noise and the useful sounds embedded in noise such as the sounds of speech and warning signals. An effective hearing protector is one that attenuates background noise while leaving sufficient energy of speech and warning signals to reach the ear of the worker. At present, however, there are no established criteria for assessing effective change in speech-to-noise ratio caused by hearing protection devices (HPDs). One such criterion could be a change in most comfortable (listening) level (MCL) for speech caused by the presence of HPDs. In this study the HPD-related shift in MCL for speech presented in quiet was measured and compared with two measures of noise attenuation: Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) and high–medium–low (H–M–L). The results indicate that the MCL shift may be a sensitive measure of speech attenuation by HPDs, which together with the appropriate H–M–L may describe technical properties of HPDs.     

高位钻孔与采空区埋管瓦斯抽放技术对比研究

为了采取合理的瓦斯抽采技术,实现矿井安全高效开采,对朱集煤矿13—1煤层实行高位钻孔以及上隅角采空区埋管作为抽采瓦斯实验方案。通过对现场工程实践以及实测数据进行对比分析,得出了实验结果。结果表明：应用高位钻孔瓦斯抽采技术的抽采效果十分明显,且工程施工费用较低,易于生产管理,该抽采技术适用于朱集煤矿采空区瓦斯抽放。     

内燃机噪声测试室的设计与研究

在声学研究分析的基础上,阐述了内燃机噪声测试室的工程设计要点,论证了噪声测试室与试车室共用的可行性。     

信息化与省域经济增长研究

从信息化产业水平、信息化基础设施水平和信息化综合发展水平来测算区域信息化水平，并对中国各省的信息化发展水平进行比较研究，研究显示：东部省区的信息化发展整体上处于领先位置，极化作用突出，本部各省只是在局部地区显示了信息化发展的相对领先，显示出非均衡发展的特点。中部还处于信息化发展水平较低的均衡发展阶段。基于此，本文考虑将信息化作为一种内生经济行为，研究信息化对省域经济的影响。研究显示，信息化促进了东部经济的快速增长，对长江三角洲、珠江三角洲和环渤海地区的经济贡献尤为突出。在西部地区，信息化设施对地理位置偏远的省区较工业基础相对优越省区的经济增长作用突出。即信息化是改善地理位置边远地区经济发展条件的重要手段。同时信息化对中部地区经济提出严重挑战。却在西部地区普遍呈现出强劲的增长带动作用，也就是说信息产业对实现落后地区的跨越式发展是有根据的。     

长江汉口边滩防洪及环境综合治理的研究

武汉市国管院批准的防洪重点城市，长江武汉河段是重点治理河段之一。该河段河道演变复杂，洲滩冲淤，是影响主流，航道变迁及汛期泄洪。左岸汉口边滩上密集的房屋，杂乱无序，成为行洪障碍及污染污染源，破坏环境及景观。市政府决定实施防洪及环境综合治理，该工程属省，部级重大科研项目。从定，动床河工模型试验及环境保护进行分析研究。定床试验，研究工程实施后，本河段的水位，流速，流态及天兴洲左右汊分流比的变化；动床试验，研究在不同典型水文年条件下的河势，河道冲淤变化及疏浚区的回淤回，为治理方案的优化比选及工程决策提供科学依据。这是长江干流滨江城市河道整治的先声，是城市规划建设中环境保护工程实施的首例，意义非常和重大。     

LONG-TERM RECONSTRUCTION OF WATER LEVEL CHANGES FOR LAKE ATHABASCA BY ANALYSIS OF TREE RINGS1

ABSTRACT: The fact that dendrochronology can be a useful tool in water resources management is demonstrated by a study of past changes in lake levels. The study was necessitated by the recent (1967) closure of the gates on the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River in British Columbia, causing a drop in water levels of Lake Athabasca, the lake levels control water level undulations in a series of smaller lakes which lie in the 1.5 million acre delta area along its western edge in Alberta. The W.A.C. Bennett Dam has by its regulation of the Peace River affected the river's historical role of creating a hydraulic dam during early summer flood stages thereby preventing outflow from Lake Athabasca and inducing annual inundation of the delta area. Because the ecololgy of the lake and adjacent delta region has depended on the now attenuated snow-melt flooding from the Upper Peace River Basin, it became necessary to consider some means of artificially inducing this annual inundation. It was not known, however, what the long-term water level changes were around which the present ecology had developed. Continuous historical lake level records exist only for the period 1935–1967. Was this period one of anomalously high or low water levels? Relatively old white spruce trees growing along natural levees of the channels in the delta region were found to contain tree-ring records that reflected the water stages in the channels. Because the water levels in the channels could be correlated with lake levels, it was possible to use the three-ring series to extend the known 33-year record of lake level changes to 158 years. By using canonical analysis and 10-day mean lake levels for three different subperiods in the 33-year period of calibration, along with tree-ring series from appropriately chosen stands of white spruce, reconstructions were made of the long-term record for late May, early July, and late September. The reconstructed record shows that the May 21–30 lake levels have been three times as variable in the past as in the period of historical record (1935–1967), the July 11–20 levels twice as variable, and the September 21–30 levels 10% less variable. However, the mean water level for each of the three subperiods for the long-term record is very close to the means for the period of historical record. The reconstructed record shows that, before the dam gates were closed, there was only one three-year period (1866–1868) in which the lake levels were as low as they have been since closure of the gates (that is, 1967–1970). (Levels were nearly as low, however, during the period 1942–1945.     

三峡库区土地自然坡度和高程对经济发展的影响

坡度和高程是土地资源固有的二个重要环境因子 ,对土地利用和土地生产力有直接作用。在山区 ,坡度和高程基本上决定了土地利用方向和利用方式 ,从而影响到经济效益和发展潜力。三峡库区面积 6 2 6 4 0km2 ,为丘陵、低中山区 ,山高坡陡。按坡度和高程对农业生产的影响程度进行分级 :0～ 7°、7～ 15°、15～ 2 5°、>2 5° ;80 0m以下 ,80 0m以上。在编制的 1:10万土地自然坡度和高程分级图及土地利用图的基础上获取各坡度、高程级及其土地利用类型和数据。 4个坡度级土地面积随坡度的增加而加大 ,随海拔的增高而减小。耕地大部分集中在 80 0m以下 7～ 15°和 15～ 2 5°的坡度上 ,优质耕地少 ,中、低产地多 ,并存在大量的陡坡耕地。森林大多分布在 80 0m以上 >2 5°陡坡上。根据对 1980～ 1996年库区主要县、市农业年产值与自然坡度和高程的定量分析比较 ,可以看出它们之间存在着明显的反比例关系。综合提高库区土地生产力 ,必须遵循“有所为 ,有所不为”原则 ,进行农业结构调整 ,不片面强调增加粮食产量而盲目扩大耕地面积 ,大力改造 15～ 2 5°的中、低产地 ,有计划、按步骤并在尊重农民意愿的基础上进行退陡坡旱地还林 (草 ) ,改善生态环境。