Application of risk based inspection in refinery and processing piping

In refineries and processing plants, the enormous amount of piping is more complex in distribution than other types of equipment. In general, compared with other types of equipment in these industries, more difficulty in inspection planning is encountered.

However, under-inspection or over-inspection can occur due to the lack of jurisdictional requirements on the inspection interval and method for piping, or the inspection interval being based only on piping service classifications in the existing regulations, such as API 570. This can result in unacceptable risks, along with costly loss of resources.

To lessen the piping risk level, more and more companies have adopted and applied risk based inspection (RBI) methodology, leading to risk reduction and cost benefits since the last decade. This study applied RBI methodology to optimize the inspection strategy of the piping in a refinery and petrochemical plants in Taiwan. Two actual case studies were corroborated better with quantitative RBI methodology than without the methodology in terms of risk and cost reductions.     

不同碳源培养的成熟好氧颗粒污泥的分形表征

为了表征不同碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥的密实以及规则程度,试验利用不同碳源培养的成熟好氧颗粒污泥SEM照片,采用Photoshop、Fips2对图形进行处理并且对图像进行分形计盒维数的计算.其中,1号(葡萄糖膨胀颗粒)好氧颗粒的计盒维数最低,达到1.794±0.011,3号(蛋白胨颗粒)与5号(生活污水颗粒)的分形维数较高,达到了1.866±0.018和1.880±0.015,较为致密.不同碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥的边界计盒维数主要分布在1.14左右,其中6号(啤酒颗粒)的形状较为规则,计盒维数达到1.115±0.003,7号(垃圾渗滤液颗粒)污泥的形状最不规则.结果表明,利用二维分形维数能够较好地表征、区分不同好氧颗粒污泥的密实程度、规则程度,并且能够表征好氧颗粒污泥的状态,如膨胀等.分形表征一定程度上弥补其他现有表征好氧颗粒污泥的理化特性方法的缺陷,为研究好氧颗粒污泥的组成、结构及物化特征的关系提供重要依据.     

滩涂红树林种植-养殖耦合系统水产品中多环芳烃含量水平分析

为了掌握滩涂红树林种植-养殖耦合系统中水产品中多环芳烃的污染情况,保证系统中水产品的品质和食用安全,采用高效液相色谱仪检测了系统中秋茄、桐花树和木榄等养殖塘罗非鱼、鲻鱼和牡蛎体内的13种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons,PAHs）[Fluorene（Flu）、Phenanthrene（Phe）、Anthracene（Ant）、Fluoranthene（Fla）、Pyrene（Pyr）、Benz[a]anthraces（BaA）、Chrysene（Chr）、Benzo[b]fluoranthene（BbF）、Benzo[k]fluoranthene（BkF）、Benzo[a]Pyrene（BaP）、Dibenzo[a,h]anthercene（DahA）、Benzo[g,h,i]perylene（BghiP）、Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene（InP）],分析研究其污染水平并进行食品安全评价.结果表明,牡蛎体内的TPAHs含量最高,干重浓度范围在89.79～98.49μg.kg-1之间;鲻鱼次之,干重浓度范围在25.97～34.64μg.kg-1之间;罗非鱼的TPAHs含量最低,干重浓度范围在12.31～14.41μg.kg-1之间.3环PAHs是主要组成成分,占TPAHs的41.58%～83.35%.脂肪含量是影响不同种类水产品间TPAHs浓度水平的因素.与国内其它地区相比,研究区域水产品内PAHs污染处于轻度的污染水平.3类水产品的湿重等效ΣBaP浓度值在0.068 9～1.037 3μg.kg-1之间,符合欧盟对苯并[a]芘的限值要求.研究区域水产品内PAHs在安全食用范围内.     

“十一五”期间滴水湖富营养化评价

采用综合营养状态指数TLI(Σ)对"十一五"期间滴水湖富营养化状态、时空分布特征及变化趋势进行了评价及分析。结果表明:滴水湖水质整体处于轻度富营养状态,石皮泐港进水口的综合营养状态指数大于湖区各点位;每年4月-5月和8月-10月两个时间段,滴水湖综合营养状态指数较高;"十一五"期间,滴水湖的富营养化状态呈现不显著下降的趋势。建议加强对水体叶绿素a浓度等生物指标的监测,以更全面地评价滴水湖的营养状态。     

故障树分析法在安全完整性等级计算中的应用

在介绍故障树分析方法的基础上,重点分析了定量的故障树分析计算方法。以丙烯腈装置中的反应器压力高联锁回路为例,阐述了此方法在具体装置中的应用,结果表明具有很好的工程实用性。     

制导弹药火工品单应力水平加速寿命试验研究

准确判定火工品的剩余寿命,对制导弹药维修工作至关重要。从制导弹药储存的实际情况出发,阐述了适时对火工品实施加速寿命试验的必要性,分析了加速寿命试验中的加速应力、寿命分布、加速系数、应力水平和试验时间,最后结合火工品具有一定储存期和试验为单一应力水平的特点,从不同角度对试验数据处理进行了探讨,从而得出了更为准确的试验结果。     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林湿沉降过程中盐基离子变化特征

基于野外实验和室内实验相结合的方法,于2012年9月至2013年8月对四面山常绿阔叶林大气降水、穿透水、地表枯透水、土壤渗滤液进行了持续一年的森林不同层次盐基离子季节动态变化特征的研究.结果表明,四面山大气降水全年pH平均值为4.90,最大值为5.14,大气降水明显偏酸性;土壤层和林冠层能使降雨的p H值有所升高,其中土壤层对p H值的调升幅度最大,其次为森林冠层;森林冠层只对Na~+有一定的截留作用,降雨能够淋溶森林冠层的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+;研究结果也表明,枯枝落叶的降解是导致各盐基离子质量浓度在枯透水中增加的主要原因;枯透水下渗的过程淋溶了森林土壤中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+.四面山大气降水经过森林生态系统后Ca~(~(2+))、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+的总截留率分别为33.82%、-7.06%、74.36%、42.87%,森林生态系统对Ca~(2+)、Na~+、K~+表现出了截留作用,其中对Na~+截留率最大.     

A Level‐of‐Service Concept for Planning Future Water Supply Projects under Probabilistic Demand and Supply Framework

One of the most challenging tasks of water supply utilities is planning the timing and quantity of new water supply sources as demand for water consumption grows. Many water supply utilities target on meeting 100% of their customers' needs based on scenario‐based deterministic demand projections numbers even though there are uncertainties in both supply and demand values. This may result in under or overly conservative approach in assessing future needs. In this article, a level‐of‐service concept is introduced to capture a utility's willingness to accept a given level of risk, plan for it, and invoke a management strategy during extreme events than build a facility to accommodate those in planning for new water supply sources. Accounting for uncertainties in both supply and demand help quantify reliability by achieving a prescribed level of service. The major benefit of such an approach for planning future water supply is that it allows policy makers to evaluate the use of adaptive water management strategies and develop supply in an incremental fashion as demand warrants it. For example, if a given level of service cannot be reliably met with the existing system at a future time t, an incremental water supply project would come online to bring the required reliability level up but no more.     

Valuing welfare impacts of climate change in coastal areas: a French case study

Beach protection has become a major issue in reducing coastal risks (erosion and flooding). It is thus advisable to study residents’ preferences for mitigation strategies. Willingness-to-pay (WTP) by permanent and secondary residents for flood protection provided to properties by Languedoc-Roussillon beaches (French Mediterranean coast) is investigated by a contingent valuation study. Results show that WTP is more influenced by risk perception variables than by socio-economic ones. The WTP is then extrapolated on the basis of different adaptation strategies (laissez-faire, managed retreat, denial etc.) which provided information about expected damage associated with sea level rise at the 2100 time horizon.     

台南温泉井流量异常与南黄海地震关系初析

江苏省东台市台南温泉井１３年来共有三个时段的流量有较大幅度的异常都对应了南黄海一平方度内发生的４次４６～６３级地震。本文对该井的地质构造条件、观测方法、震前异常特征、干扰因素的排除、映震效能、异常机理、流量异常与地震三要素的关系等作了介绍和讨论。