水位变化对三峡库区低位狗牙根种群的影响

2009年调查研究了三峡库区长寿段消落带的狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon L．）种群,探讨了库区水位变化对低位狗牙根种群的影响。结果表明,156m处狗牙根地下茎的总茎长、总茎节数和总茎节数／总茎长大于150m处的狗牙根,分别比后者多20．3％、30．1％、11．3％;而其地下茎的总芽数／总茎长、萌芽数和萌芽率分别比后者低7．5％、34．3％、74．9％。同时,156m处狗牙根分株的株数、茎长、叶宽、叶长低于150m处的狗牙根,分别比后者少了26．2％、10．8％、19．0％、37．9％;其茎节数、茎节数／茎长、叶片数、根长较大,分别比后者增加了18．7％、34．2％、10．0％、22．6％。156m处狗牙根植株分株的鲜质量、干质量、鲜质量／总鲜质量、干质量／总干质量分别比150m处的狗牙根低32．5％、13．2％、18．2％和14．2％;其地下茎的鲜质量、干质量、鲜质量／总鲜质量、干质量／总干质量分别比后者高5．8％、17．5％、27．2％、15．2％;且前者的分株、地下茎和根的干鲜质量比均分别比后者高29．6％、12．5％和17．6％。表明,库区水位变化显著促进了150m处狗牙根地下茎茎节伸长、芽形成、芽萌发和分株的生长。因而,低位狗牙根对库区水位变化具有较强的适应能力。     

我国海岸带灾害的加剧发展及其防御方略

中国大陆海岸带绵长1.8万公里,地跨12个省市,是我国人口密集、经济发展最快的地区。出现的严重灾害有台风、风暴潮、洪涝、地震海啸、海岸侵蚀、盐水入侵、海冰、地基下沉、污染、赤潮等十类,并互相叠加,形成年直接经济损失100亿元以上。全球海平面上升与人类活动加强,使海岸带灾害加剧发展,粗略估计到下世纪初中期,导致的损失可能达到1000亿元以上,是海岸带经济发展的重要制约因素。必须提高全民防灾意识,在调查研究基础上,拟订海岸带减灾规划;加强灾害的监测、预报和预警;加高加固防潮防洪大堤与护岸工程,疏浚内陆洼地和城市排洪河道,提高排水能力;保护地下水源,严格限制过量开采,以防止地面下沉和盐水入侵;合理开发海岸带资源,保护生态环境,严格限制超标排污;积极参加国际合作,逐步限制CO_2等温室气体的排放,和缓海平面上升趋势,争取大幅度减轻海岸带灾害。     

限制油料中的含硫量是确保烟气达标排放的有效途径

通过对燃油锅炉监测结果的统计而推导出二氧化硫与油品中含硫量的关系公式 ,再求出二氧化硫浓度达标排放的含硫量限制水平及可行性。     

南京工业区秋季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2018年秋季在南京利用大气挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)吸附浓缩在线监测系统(AC-GCMS 1000)对大气VOCs进行连续观测,以了解其化学特征、臭氧生成潜势和污染来源.结果表明,南京秋季大气VOCs体积分数为(64.3±45.6)×10^-9,以烷烃(33.1%)、含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)(22.3%)及卤代烃(21.8%)为主.VOCs的昼夜变化呈"双峰型"变化特征,高值主要出现在清晨的06:00～07:00及夜间的18:00～20:00,主要受机动车排放及气象要素的共同影响.秋季南京VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential, OFP)为267.1μg·m^-3,主要贡献物种是芳香烃类化合物(55.2%)和烯烃类化合物(20.8%).PMF受体模型源解析确定5个VOCs来源,分别是交通排放(34%)、工业排放(19%)、LPG排放(17%)、涂料及有机溶剂挥发(16%)以及生物质燃烧和燃煤排放(14%),因此控制南京工业区秋季大气污染应主要着力于交...     

城市公交车定置噪声测试与特征分析

对北京市典型类别公交车的噪声污染水平及排放特征进行了测试和研究。研究和统计结果表明,北京城市在用公交车的定置噪声排放水平总体处于90～103 dB(A),其A计权频域特征以人耳敏感的中高频噪声为主,对城市居民的环境影响较大,是目前城市内需要重点关注的噪声污染源。相关数据将为交通和环保部门有针对性地提出噪声控制措施和制订相关法规提供有效支撑。     

重庆市道路交通噪声分布规律及控制措施研究

监测重庆市主城区道路旁居民住宅不同楼层昼间交通噪声等效声级,并分析其垂直分布规律。结果表明,随测点与地面高差的增加,噪声呈先增加后减小的趋势。隔声效果监测结果表明,隔声屏在重庆典型山城的地理环境下隔声效果较差,隔声窗具有较好的隔声效果,且测点距离越近隔声效果越明显。     

Team creativity/innovation in culturally diverse teams: A meta‐analysis

This meta‐analysis investigates the direction and strength of the relationship between diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation. We distinguish the effects of two diversity levels (i.e., surface level vs. deep level) in culturally diverse teams and examine the moderators suggested by the socio‐technical systems framework (i.e., team virtuality and task characteristics in terms of task interdependence, complexity, and intellectiveness). Surface‐level diversity in culturally diverse teams is not related to team creativity/innovation, whereas deep‐level diversity in culturally diverse teams is positively related to team creativity/innovation. Moreover, surface‐level diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation are negatively related for simple tasks but unrelated for complex tasks. Deep‐level diversity in culturally diverse teams and team creativity/innovation is positively related for collocated teams and interdependent tasks but unrelated for noncollocated teams and independent tasks. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

Multimethod,multistate Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for use in regional monitoring of wolves

In many cases, the first step in large‐carnivore management is to obtain objective, reliable, and cost‐effective estimates of population parameters through procedures that are reproducible over time. However, monitoring predators over large areas is difficult, and the data have a high level of uncertainty. We devised a practical multimethod and multistate modeling approach based on Bayesian hierarchical‐site‐occupancy models that combined multiple survey methods to estimate different population states for use in monitoring large predators at a regional scale. We used wolves (Canis lupus) as our model species and generated reliable estimates of the number of sites with wolf reproduction (presence of pups). We used 2 wolf data sets from Spain (Western Galicia in 2013 and Asturias in 2004) to test the approach. Based on howling surveys, the naïve estimation (i.e., estimate based only on observations) of the number of sites with reproduction was 9 and 25 sites in Western Galicia and Asturias, respectively. Our model showed 33.4 (SD 9.6) and 34.4 (3.9) sites with wolf reproduction, respectively. The number of occupied sites with wolf reproduction was 0.67 (SD 0.19) and 0.76 (0.11), respectively. This approach can be used to design more cost‐effective monitoring programs (i.e., to define the sampling effort needed per site). Our approach should inspire well‐coordinated surveys across multiple administrative borders and populations and lead to improved decision making for management of large carnivores on a landscape level. The use of this Bayesian framework provides a simple way to visualize the degree of uncertainty around population‐parameter estimates and thus provides managers and stakeholders an intuitive approach to interpreting monitoring results. Our approach can be widely applied to large spatial scales in wildlife monitoring where detection probabilities differ between population states and where several methods are being used to estimate different population parameters.     

Resilience-based approach to safety barrier performance assessment in process facilities

The performance assessment of safety barriers is essential to find vulnerable elements in a safety barrier system. Traditional performance assessment approaches mainly focus on using several static indicators for quantifying the performance of safety barriers. However, with the increasing complexity of the system, emerging hazards are highly uncertain, making it challenging for the static indicators to assess the performance of safety barriers. This paper proposes a resilience−based performance assessment method for safety barriers to overcome this problem. Safety barriers are classified according to their functions first. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is then introduced to calculate the availability function under normal and disruption conditions. The ratio of the system's availability, when affected by the disruption, to the initial availability, is used to determine the absorption capacity of the system. The ratio of the quantity of availability recovery to the total quantity of system represents the adaptation and restoration capacity of the system. The system's resilience is represented by the sum of absorption, adaptation, and restoration capacities. The wax oil hydrogenation process is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.     

New considerations for SIL verification of functional safety fieldbus communication

Safety integrity level (SIL) verification of functional safety fieldbus communication is an essential part of SIL verification of safety instrumented system (SIS), and it requires quantifying residual error probability (RP) and residual error rate of function safety communication. The present quantification method of residual error rate uses RP of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to approximately replace the total RP of functional safety communication. Since CRC only detects data integrity-related errors and CRC has intrinsically undetected error, some other residual errors are not being considered. This research found some residual errors of the present quantification method. Then, this research presents an extended new approach, which takes the found residual errors into account to determine more comprehensive and reasonable RP and residual error rate. From perspective of the composition of safety message, this research studies RPs of those controlling segments (sequence number, time expectation, etc.) to cover the found residual errors beyond CRC detection coverage, and the influences of insertion/masquerade errors and time window on RP are investigated. The results turn out these residual errors, especially insertion/masquerade errors, may have a great influence on quantification of residual error rate and SIL verification of functional safety communication, and they should be treated seriously.