原生态环境下广西涠洲岛近50年气候变率的分析

广西涠洲岛气象站由于其特定的地理位置,使得该站成为广西为数不多、大气观测环境50年来持续保持原有生态环境的气象台站之一。应用该岛屿气象站及与之相邻的广西北海市合浦气象站1956~2005年的气温、雨量等气象资料,分析、比较近50年来北部湾海域气候自然变化和在城镇大规模发展影响下气候变化的差异及发展趋势:用Yamamoto法和Mann-Kendall法对5年滑动平均气温、雨量等要素季和年时间序列进行突变检验,对定量地论述在全球气候变暖情况下区域性气候自然变化的响应有非常重要的意义。     

淀山湖夏季微囊藻毒素分布状况及其影响因素

为了解淀山湖夏季微囊藻毒素的昼夜、区域、垂直分布状况及其影响因素,在淀山湖上选择11个采样点,每个采样点设4个采样深度,进行24h的4次采样．测定水样中总氮（TN）,总磷（TP）,微囊藻毒素（MC）浓度,同时记录采样时的水温（TEM）、pH值、可见度（VDWB）、风向、风速．结果表明,MC分布具有明显的昼夜、区域差异,早晨和下午最高,西南水域明显低于其他区域,体现了光照、空气流动对MC分布的影响,同时MC的分布与总磷、pH值、可见度呈正相关（P＜0.05）,多因素分析显示,除光照、空气流动外,影响湖水MC分布的最主要因素为湖水可见度和水中总磷的含量．表明光照、空气流动、水体总磷含量是影响夏季淀山湖水体MC分布的主要原因．     

MODIS NDVI与MODIS EVI对气候因子响应差异

以喀斯特地区植被为研究载体,利用2001-2010 年MODIS NDVI、MODIS EVI 序列和气候资料,分析两种植被指数与同期及前1-9 期水汽压、降水量、相对湿度、最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、露点温度、气压、风速、日照时数多个气候因子的相关性及响应差异,为合理选择植被指数序列对植被进行监测研究提供参考。结果表明:①喀斯特地区植被EVI和NDVI与多数气候因子显著相关,但二者对气候因子的响应有明显差异。除日照外,EVI 与其他各气候因子相关性明显高于NDVI。与NDVI相关性较高的气候因子为日照、最高气温、平均气温,其对应的相关系数平均为0.616、0.535、0.474;而与EVI相关性较高的气候因子为水汽压、平均气温、露点温度,其对应的相关系数平均为0.857、0.844、0.839。②喀斯特地区植被EVI和NDVI对多数气候因子的响应存在明显的滞后性,较之于EVI,NDVI对气候因子的响应更为滞后。EVI与气候因子的相关系数最高时期多出现在前1 期,NDVI与气候因子的相关系数最高时期多出现在前2 期。两种植被指数对日照、风速的响应无滞后性。除相对湿度、日照、风速外,各站点两种植被指数与其他各气候因子在0-9期的响应趋势均较一致。     

一种海洋气候环境-扭转疲劳试验设备的研制

目的研制一种海洋气候环境-扭转疲劳试验设备。方法针对海洋环境下服役的装备材料及结构承受环境腐蚀-扭转载荷耦合作用的特点,采用液压伺服闭环控制原理,通过特定结构布置、液压动力系统和伺服扭转疲劳系统的合理设计,研制一种海洋气候环境-扭转疲劳试验设备。结果该设备可实现扭转角度、扭矩、频率等试验参数的精确控制,准确表征工作在海洋大气环境中的材料及结构扭转性能。结论新研制的设备适用于海洋大气环境下服役的材料及构件扭转性能试验验证与评估。     

湿地景观破碎化对东方白鹳栖息地的影响——以三江平原东北部区域为例

以野外栖息地要素调查为基础,通过模型定量化分析,研究了三江平原东北部湿地景观破碎化过程及其对东方白鹳栖息地的影响。结果显示:当景观面积占区域面积超过50%,景观连通度高于50时,景观基质处于低度破碎化状态,景观斑块面积丧失对栖息地影响显著;当景观面积占区域面积小于30%,景观连通度低于30时,景观处于高度破碎化状态,景观空间隔离、斑块形状以及景观结构对栖息地影响更为显著。景观破碎化过程中,沼泽湿地主要在面积丧失方面对东方白鹳觅食地产生影响;而湖泡和岛状林湿地在斑块数量丧失和空间隔离方面对东方白鹳筑巢地和觅食地产生显著影响。     

Characteristics of regional climate change and pattern analysis on Ordos Plateau

The characteristics of precipitation, temperature and their combination determine the special ecological environment pattern of Ordos Plateau. Analyzing its evolutionary trend attributes to understanding the succession process of the ecological environment of Ordos Plateau and has crucial instructional significance on the ecological restoration research being conducted in this region. Four time scales, arranging from ten days, one month, one season (growing season contrasting to non-growing season)to one year were adopted to analyze the climate data which included nearly 30 years and were collected by eight weather stations on Ordos Plateau. The results indicated that the mean annual temperature and the mean monthly temperature of February, September and December, had increased significantly during the late 30 years. The annual precipitation did not show significant changes but its distribution pattern had changed obviously. The ratio of precipitation of major growing season (May-October)to annual precipitation had increased distinctively, and five counties‘ precipitation reached statistically significant level.And the ratio of precipitation of latter growing season (September)to one year decreased significantly while the ratio of non-growing season (November-next April)to one year changed insignificantly. The results showed that maybe the interaction of increased mean temperature and insignificant change of precipitation in non-growing season was one of the reasons why the desertifieation of the region was deteriorating in recent years. Using some factors closely relating to vegetation succession such as mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, distributive pattern of precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the warmest month,mean temperature of growing season, precipitation of growing season, potential evapotranspiration(PET) and radiative dryness index( RD1), to synthetically analyze the climate characteristics of Ordos Plateau. The regionalized Ordos Plateau to three synthetical climate types were recognized as follows: Type 1, semi-humid and low evaporation(including Jungar Banner, Dongsheng City and Ejin Horo Banner), Type 11,semi-arid, semi-humid and moderate evaporation(including Uxin Banner and Dalad Banner), Type 111, arid and high evaporation(including Hanggin Banner,Otag Banner and Otog Qian Banner).     

产甲烷微生物研究概况

甲烷是仅次于CO2的第二大温室气体,因此环境中甲烷来源的研究在环境保护方面具有重要意义.大气中甲烷的浓度(体积分数)约为1.7×10-6,其中约有75%来源于产甲烷菌的代谢.产甲烷菌是一类厌氧古生菌,其分类主要依据为16S rRNA以及其他生化指标.产甲烷菌主要以乙酸、H2和CO2及甲基类化合物为底物并以甲烷为终产物.产甲烷菌生命活动过程深受自然环境的影响.本文从产甲烷菌的发现、形态、分类、代谢机制、生态学研究方面介绍产甲烷菌的研究概况.     

极端强降雨条件下黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型土壤水分特征

为了解黄土丘陵沟壑区极端强降雨条件下土壤水分与植被之间的关系,对2013 年7 月极端强降雨条件下黄土丘陵沟壑区5 种主要植物群落,即刺槐(Robinia psendoacacia)、柠条(Caragana intermedia)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、白羊草(Bothriochlo aischaemun)群落的土壤水分进行了调查与分析,结果表明:①极端强降雨下,植被是影响土壤含水量的主要因素;②草本群落的土壤水分明显好于人工林,其中长芒草群落的土壤含水量、土壤贮水量和土壤有效贮水量均最高,分别为17.8%、961.2 mm和691.2 mm,郁闭度最大的31 龄林土壤水分最差;③人工林地土壤水分可补充至300 cm左右,草本群落土壤水分可补充至500 cm左右,人工林地深层土壤水分的恢复仍十分困难.     

艾比湖流域核心区景观生态功能区划及生态调控措施研究

在探讨了景观生态功能区划的概念、原则及区划方法的基础上,以新疆艾比湖流域核心区为对象,采用叠置法并利用“3S”技术对研究区进行了自下而上的景观生态功能区的划分,共划分出4个景观生态功能区和9个景观生态功能亚区。分析了各景观功能区的主导生态功能、保护目标,并有针对性地提出了景观生态调控的工程措施和管理措施,为恢复和重建艾比湖流域景观生态安全格局提供科学的参考依据。     

Dynamic catch trends in the history of recreational spearfishing in Australia

The sustained decline in marine fisheries worldwide underscores the need to understand and monitor fisheries trends and fisher behavior. Recreational fisheries are unique in that they are not subject to the typical drivers that influence commercial and artisanal fisheries (e.g., markets or food security). Nevertheless, although exposed to a different set of drivers (i.e., interest or relaxation), recreational fisheries can contribute to fishery declines. Recreational fisheries are also difficult to assess due to an absence of past monitoring and traditional fisheries data. Therefore, we utilized a nontraditional data source (a chronology of spearfishing publications) to document historical trends in recreational spearfishing in Australia between 1952 and 2009. We extracted data on reported fish captures, advertising, and spearfisher commentary and used regression models and ordination analyses to assess historical change. The proportion of coastal fish captures reported declined approximately 80%, whereas the proportion of coral reef and pelagic fish reports increased 1750% and 560%, respectively. Catch composition shifted markedly from coastal temperate or subtropical fishes during the 1950s to 1970s to coral reef and pelagic species in the 1990s to 2000s. Advertising data and commentary by spearfishers indicated that pelagic fish species became desired targets. The mean weight of trophy coral reef fishes also declined significantly over the study period (from approximately 30–8 kg). Recreational fishing presents a highly dynamic social–ecological interface and a challenge for management. Our results emphasize the need for regulatory agencies to work closely with recreational fishing bodies to observe fisher behavior, detect shifts in target species or fishing intensity, and adapt regulatory measures. Tendencias Dinámicas de Captura en la Historia de la Pesca Recreativa con Arpón en Australia