Simulation of Rabies Epizootic Process in Fox Populations at a Limited Carrying Capacity of Biotopes

To describe the epizootic process of rabies in fox populations, a model based on a cellular automata network (Toffoli and Margolus, 1991) was constructed. The cell state and the rules of transition from one state to another were determined in accordance with a modification of the previous model based on a differential equation system, which was proposed to describe the epizootics of fox rabies in Western Europe. The new model provides the possibility of simulating spatial heterogeneity and indices of animal mobility related, in particular, to the seasonal features of fox ecology. Calculations were made using population parameters characteristic of biotopes with a low carrying capacity (the steppe zone of Western Siberia). According to the model, the maintenance of rabies epizootics in these biotopes is possible on condition that the mobility of foxes in them is much higher than in the biotopes with a high carrying capacity. This model can be used for prognosis and epidemiological control in natural rabies foci.     

环境库兹涅茨曲线的虚幻性及其对可持续发展的现实影响

生态环境质量真的能够随着经济发展而改善吗？“先污染、后治理”真的是普遍的发展规律吗？既有的理论一般认为．随着经济的发展．生态环境的质量在经过一个时期的恶化之后，将在一定的发展阶段出现好转．其变化过程呈“倒U曲线”状态．这就是环境Kuznets曲线。作者认为这是一个貌似真实的虚幻．生态环境随着经济发展而好转只可能是局部的、而不可能是整体性的．经济发展与生态维护的双赢目标也同样是难以企及的，经济发展与生态维护只能是基于各种利益关系的权衡。文章还对中国长期推行的几种宏观经济政策的生态环境影响进行了分析，并提出了经济利益与生态利益相权衡的现实主张。     

Stable isotope analysis in food web research: Systematic review and a vision for the future for the Baltic Sea macro-region

Food web research provides essential insights into ecosystem functioning, but practical applications in ecosystem-based management are hampered by a current lack of knowledge synthesis. To address this gap, we provide the first systematic review of ecological studies applying stable isotope analysis, a pivotal method in food web research, in the heavily anthropogenically impacted Baltic Sea macro-region. We identified a thriving research field, with 164 publications advancing a broad range of fundamental and applied research topics, but also found structural shortcomings limiting ecosystem-level understanding. We argue that enhanced collaboration and integration, including the systematic submission of Baltic Sea primary datasets to stable isotope databases, would help to overcome many of the current shortcomings, unify the scattered knowledge base, and promote future food web research and science-based resource management. The effort undertaken here demonstrates the value of macro-regional synthesis, in enhancing access to existing data and supporting strategic planning of research agendas.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01785-1.     

青海高原土壤拮抗性放线菌的生态分布

采用琼脂块法测定了分离自青海高原不同生态环境下的 1 007株代表性放线菌的拮抗性.结果表明:①供试菌中对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、假丝酵母、青霉、辣椒疫霉、西瓜枯萎菌、棉花枯萎菌及黄瓜枯萎菌有拮抗性的放线菌占供试菌总数的比率分别为 9. 1%、27. 2%、2. 1%、2. 6%、13. 8%、10. 1%、7. 1%及 7. 4%;在青海高原(西部)土壤的拮抗性放线菌中,抗细菌放线菌多于抗真菌放线菌,抗G+细菌的放线菌多于抗G-细菌放线菌,抗丝状真菌放线菌多于抗单细胞真菌放线菌.②耕作土壤中,拮抗性放线菌株数占放线菌总株数的百分率 (拮抗菌百分率 )是自然土壤的3. 5倍,且耕作土壤拮抗菌百分率按菜地(71. 7% ) >粮田(40. 6% ) >绿肥地(32. 8% ) >果园(25. 0% )的顺序排列.旱地土壤拮抗菌百分率明显高于水地.③不同类型土壤拮抗菌百分率均不同,且不同类型土壤拮抗菌百分率按黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土>砂土的顺序排列.④拮抗性放线菌的数量、拮抗菌百分率与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷及磷酸酶活性有关.其中有机质和全氮与拮抗性放线菌株数和拮抗菌百分率的相关性达极显著水平 (P<0. 01).抗细菌与抗真菌拮抗性放线菌的出现频率与土壤有机质、全氮及放线菌总数量的相关性分别达到了极显著(P<0. 01)与显著水平(P<0. 05),且土     

淮河水系淮南段椎实螺类(Lymnaeidae)生态学研究

于2004年春季（4月）和秋季（9月），分别对淮河水系淮南段不同环境条件下的10个站点椎实螺类的种类和分布特征进行了调查，共鉴定出椎实螺类5种，其中萝卜螺属4种，土蜗属1种，耳萝卜螺为优势种；全流域平均密度和生物量，春季为227．7Ind.／m^2。和175．50g／m^2，秋季为100．2Ind．／m^2和88．85g／m^2．工业污染较重的站点（D、F、I）椎实螺类的群落结构趋于简化，而流域底质生境异质性的站点（E、H）螺类种数呈现多样性．图1表2参16     

基于景观生态学的天目湖湿地公园规划

通过野外调查和利用1∶1000、1∶10000地形图作GIS判读分析,以景观生态学原理为指导,对天目湖湿地公园进行规划。在将天目湖湿地划分成平坦开阔区、岛山、浅冲和廊道4类斑块基础上,以保护和利用湿地资源,发挥廊道的生态功能,突出绿斑、蓝带、开敞空间的整合为规划控制思路,对规划出的水生花卉园、湖滨生态园、平桥河生态廊道、芦苇园、林岛园、"双龙"入湖生态景观带以及生态产业和生态人居园7类用地布局作了描述。     

Cu~(2 )对长江华溪蟹的毒性作用

人工控制条件下 ,初步研究了长江华溪蟹 (Sinopotamonyangtsekiense)对Cu2 的毒性反应 ,并探讨其作为环境监测生物的可能性 .结果表明 ,随浓度的升高、浸药时间的延长 ,Cu2 对长江华溪蟹的毒性增大 .Cu2 的毒性与长江华溪蟹性别也有密切关系 ,雄性个体对Cu2 的忍耐度低于雌性个体 ;对达到性成熟的长江华溪蟹个体 ,Cu2 毒性与其大小无明显相关性 .温度影响Cu2 对长江华溪蟹的毒性 ,较高温度 (18℃ )下的毒性高于较低温度 (14℃ )下的毒性 .图 3表 1参 16     

Comparing urban solid waste recycling from the viewpoint of urban metabolism based on physical input-output model: A case of Suzhou in China

Investigating impacts of urban solid waste recycling on urban metabolism contributes to sustainable urban solid waste management and urban sustainability. Using a physical input-output model and scenario analysis, urban metabolism of Suzhou in 2015 is predicted and impacts of four categories of solid waste recycling on urban metabolism are illustrated: scrap tire recycling, food waste recycling, fly ash recycling and sludge recycling. Sludge recycling has positive effects on reducing all material flows. Thus, sludge recycling for biogas is regarded as an accepted method. Moreover, technical levels of scrap tire recycling and food waste recycling should be improved to produce positive effects on reducing more material flows. Fly ash recycling for cement production has negative effects on reducing all material flows except solid wastes. Thus, other fly ash utilization methods should be exploited. In addition, the utilization and treatment of secondary wastes from food waste recycling and sludge recycling should be concerned.     

石羊河流域的生态环境问题、引发原因与治理对策

石羊河是甘肃省三大内陆河之一,在河西乃至全省经济社会发展中起着十分重要的作用.目前该流域出现森林面积减少,雪线上升,水土流失加重,地下水位下降,水体污染,水质恶化,荒漠化蔓延等一系列生态环境问题,已经严重影响和制约到流域及其周边地区的经济建设和社会安定团结.为实现流域生态大系统及其子系统稳定、健康、持续发展,应坚持"南保水源,中建绿洲,北治风沙"的基本原则.对流域大系统,要切实加强流域水资源统一管理,完善政策体系,加强环境保护的执法、宣传,提高流域民众的生态意识,加强生态建设工程的科技支撑.对流域南部祁连山区,要加强林区管理,理顺体制,加强山区植被保护和建设,提高水源涵养能力,减少水土流失,合理调整水库,减少汛期蓄水.对中部绿洲,要发展二三产业,加快小城镇建设,调整农业产业结构,加强农田防护林体系建设,加大节水力度,实施外流域调水工程.对北部荒漠区,要恢复、重建退化固沙植被,退耕还草还荒,严禁新的土地开垦,适度发展沙产业.     

异质森林火灾模型及火灾扑救对森林生态系统的影响

森林火灾元胞自动机模型是研究自组织临界性的经典模型之一。这一模型中森林用一个二维网格来表示,其中每个格点代表一棵树或代表空地,各节点的树具有相同的生长概率和着火概率,以一定的规则进行演化。这一模型没有考虑树木间的差别,因而是同质的。我们考虑到不同树木间由种类、树龄等原因引起的生长概率与着火概率的不同,改进了经典森林火灾模型,提出了一个异质森林火灾模型,并研究了这一模型的自组织临界性。在新模型的基础上,研究了火灾扑救对森林群落分布的影响,给出了模拟结果,该结果与实际的观测结果得到符合。该文的研究可望对森林火灾预测及研究火灾扑救对森林生态系统的影响具有一定的意义。