A Spatially Explicit Resource-Based Approach for Managing Stream Fishes in Riverscapes

The article describes a riverscape approach based on landscape ecology concepts, which aims at studying the multiscale relationships between the spatial pattern of stream fish habitat patches and processes depending on fish movements. A review of the literature shows that few operational methods are available to study this relationship due to multiple methodological and practical challenges inherent to underwater environments. We illustrated the approach with literature data on a cyprinid species (Barbus barbus) and an actual riverscape of the Seine River, France. We represented the underwater environment of fishes for different discharges using two-dimensional geographic information system-based maps of the resource habitat patches, defined according to activities (feeding, resting, and spawning). To quantify spatial patterns at nested levels (resource habitat patch, daily activities area, subpopulation area), we calculated their composition, configuration, complementation, and connectivity with multiple spatial analysis methods: patch metrics, moving-window analysis, and least cost modeling. The proximity index allowed us to evaluate habitat patches of relatively great value, depending on their spatial context, which contributes to the setting of preservation policies. The methods presented to delimit potential daily activities areas and subpopulation areas showed the potential gaps in the biological connectivity of the reach. These methods provided some space for action in restoration schemes.     

论生态环境用水与生态环境需水的区别与计算问题

针对生态环境用水与生态环境需水概念和计算中存在的问题，从生态与环境概念分析入手，对生态环境用水、生态环境需水的概念进行界定和区分，对其内涵和计算关键问题进行评述。文章认为生态环境用水与生态环境需水既有区别又有联系，生态环境用水是其“实际用水”之意，生态环境需水是其“需求水”之意，生态环境需水是生态环境达到某一水平时的“用水量”。文章还介绍了生态环境用（需）水的分类及计算方法，指出生态环境用（需）水计算的两个关键问题，即尺度问题和阈值问题，认为生态环境用（需）水总量不是分类或分区生态环境用（需）水量的简单相加；提出了“基于水循环模拟的生态环境用（需）水量计算方法”的初步思想。     

北京市妫水河流域景观生态学分析

基于GIS的空间分析平台,以景观生态学的方法建模,分析了北京市妫水河流域的景观格局特征,并与妫水河平原的景观格局特征进行了比较,发现在妫水河平原范围内,由于人为干扰程度的加剧,整体生态格局的异质性下降、碎裂化增加,景观生态格局的稳定性和安全性比之妫水河流域有所下降.分析了妫水河流域面临的问题及其原因,进而提出妫水河流域生态恢复的建议和措施.     

Grassland allergenicity increases with urbanisation and plant invasions

Pollen allergies have been on the rise in cities, where anthropogenic disturbances, warmer climate and introduced species are shaping novel urban ecosystems. Yet, the allergenic potential of these urban ecosystems, in particular spontaneous vegetation outside parks and gardens, remains poorly known. We quantified the allergenic properties of 56 dry grasslands along a double gradient of urbanisation and plant invasion in Berlin (Germany). 30% of grassland species were classified as allergenic, most of them being natives. Urbanisation was associated with an increase in abundance and diversity of pollen allergens, mainly driven by an increase in allergenic non-native plants. While not inherently more allergenic than native plants, the pool of non-natives contributed a larger biochemical diversity of allergens and flowered later than natives, creating a broader potential spectrum of allergy. Managing novel risks to urban public health will involve not only targeted action on allergenic non-natives, but also policies at the habitat scale favouring plant community assembly of a diverse, low-allergenicity vegetation. Similar approaches could be easily replicated in other cities to provide a broad quantification and mapping of urban allergy risks and drivers.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01741-z.     

未来不同情景下陕西省碳储量的时空演变分析

为了解陕西省不同情景下的土地利用发展趋势,并有效评估土地利用变化下陕西省陆地生态碳储量时空演变,研究运用Markov-FLUS和InVEST模型,分析2000~2020年的土地利用变化对于陕西省碳储量变化的影响,并模拟和评估陕西省2025年和2030年3种不同情景下的土地利用结构,碳储量和碳密度的时空变化.结果表明： ①耦合的Markov-FLUS模型中各地类的ROC值均在0.7以上,表现出较高精度与优秀的分类性能,模型对研究区的土地利用驱动因子解释能力较好,具有高精度和优秀的分类性能.②2000~2020年,陕西省的耕地大幅减少,林地显著增加,高固碳效益的林地面积增加使得陕西省的碳储量从1 546.95 Tg上升到1 616.25 Tg. 2000~2020年陕西省内各地区的变化互有差异,其中延安的碳储量显著增加了18.89 Tg,榆林的碳储量则在20年间显著减少了3.29 Tg. ③海拔、降水和气温成为影响2020~2030年陕西省碳储量时空变化的主要因素,在2025年与2030年的3种不同情景下,在生态优先情景下碳储量分别为1 632.27 Tg和1 647.43 Tg,碳储量及其增速明显高于自然发展情景和耕地保护情景. ④生态优先情景下碳储量增加区占比高于耕地保护情景,减少区占比低于自然发展情景,碳储量的分布表现最为均衡。同时,陕北黄土高原区的南部和北部区域在未来的发展中需要重点关注生态环境的保护.研究结果一定程度上可以为推进生态陕西建设和制定碳中和战略规划提供参考.     

生态环境导向的开发(EOD)模式的理论逻辑与实践探索

本文基于生态环境导向的开发(EOD)模式的理论溯源,对中国式EOD模式的理论逻辑与实践探索进行了系统梳理。EOD模式以国际上“生态导向”的发展理念和市场化生态系统服务付费机制相结合作为理论源头,理论基础主要有生态系统服务付费理论、亨利乔治定理、公共选择理论。中国式EOD模式具有项目制、企业主体、增肥哺瘦和生态反哺的特征,核心逻辑是形成以生态资源支撑产业开发、以产业收益反哺生态修复的价值链闭环,即生态产品价值的转化与反哺。中国式 EOD模式是在生态文明建设的时代背景下,为缓解地方政府生态环境保护的资金压力与金融风险这一现实需求涌现出来的创新性实践探索,也是“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化路径创新。     

微生物分子生态学进展[综述]

现代分子生物学技术在生态学研究中的应用大大推动了微生物生态学的发展,导致了微生物分子生态学的产生．微生物分子生态学方法弥补了传统的微生物生态学方法的不足,使人们可以避开传统的分离培养过程而直接探讨自然界中微生物的种群结构及其与环境的关系．微生物生态学研究中采用的分子生物学方法主要有核酸探针技术、ＰＣＲ扩增技术、ｒＲＮＡ序列同源性分析方法、剃度凝胶电泳方法等．这些技术方法的采用,取得了一系列重要的成果和微生物生态学研究中的突破［１～６］,使得对某些微生物的研究成为可能,并在分子水平上阐述了生态问题…     

微生物分子生态学进展

This paper summarizes some molecular techniques applied in the studies on microbial ecology,such as hybridization of nucleic acid probes,ampification of polymerase chain reaction,denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and analyses of ribosomal RNA gene sequences,and the progress,performance,achievements and advances made from the researches of microbial ecology in recent years by using these molecular techniques．     

塔里木河流域开发与生态环境可持续发展对策分析

概述了由于对塔里木河的不合理开发利用,使得原已很脆弱的生境更趋势恶化,并通过分析其现状及原因,提出改善生态环境,进行保护性发展建设的建议及对策。     

新疆水资源开发利用与生态问题

新疆作为干旱区的典型省区,其气候条件、水分等自然因素决定了该省区是以内陆河流域为特征的生态系统。本文论述了该省区的自然生态条件及发展绿洲灌溉农业的生态变化,并陈述了生态变化导致的土地荒漠化为特征的生态问题。