烟台四十里湾赤潮发生与生态环境污染研究

烟台四十里湾海域为赤潮频发区,就赤潮发生的区域分布与其生态环境污染进行探讨研究,以引起社会有关方面正确认识和评价水产养殖业对海洋环境的影响。结果显示: (1)1998~2008年间排入四十里湾的各类污染物总量以贝类养殖排泄物居首,赤潮发生的几率及范围与贝类养殖面积、N、P和C排泄物年际变化有直接必然关系; (2)湾内初级生产力较高,由贝类养殖排泄转化的无机碳占湾内基础物质总量的65%~90％; (3)湾内赤潮生物16种,优势种有红色裸甲藻、中肋骨条藻、海链藻,红色裸甲藻是该湾引起赤潮最常见的赤潮生物种; (4)四十里湾最大流发生在养马岛以外的东北水域,流速值在17~20cm/s 左右,养马岛西南端流速最低,仅为4~5cm/s左右,受水建工程和筏式养殖的干扰,养殖区内流速有所减缓,不利于污染物扩散。研究表明,特定的地理环境及物质条件十分适合藻类的生长繁殖,一旦遇到适宜的水文气象条件,赤潮藻即有骤然快速增殖而形成赤潮。     

TEMPERATURE AND THE PRODUCTIVITY-LIGHT RELATIONSHIP1

ABSTRACT: Seventy-three in situ primary productivity experiments over a six-month period in hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York, demonstrated variations in the light saturation parameter, I_p, which in part describes the interaction between productivity and light. Substantial variations in I_p were observed (coefficient of variation = 60 percent). Variations in I_p were significantly correlated (greater than 99 percent confidence level) with temperature (°C). An Arrhenius-type relationship (I_p= 1.312 × 1.088 (^T-20)) accounted for approximately 37 percent of the variation in I_p and may be appropriate for other systems dominated by green algae.     

Climatic and Biotic Stochasticity: Disparate Causes of Convergent Demographies in Rare, Sympatric Plants

Abstract:  Species with known demographies may be used as proxies, or approximate models, to predict vital rates and ecological properties of target species that either have not been studied or are species for which data may be difficult to obtain. These extrapolations assume that model and target species with similar properties respond in the same ways to the same ecological factors, that they have similar population dynamics, and that the similarity of vital rates reflects analogous responses to the same factors. I used two rare, sympatric annual plants (sand gilia [ Gilia tenuiflora arenaria ] and Monterey spineflower [ Chorizanthe pungens pungens ]) to test these assumptions experimentally. The vital rates of these species are similar and strongly correlated with rainfall, and I added water and/or prevented herbivore access to experimental plots. Their survival and reproduction were driven by different, largely stochastic factors and processes: sand gilia by herbivory and Monterey spineflower by rainfall. Because the causal agents and processes generating similar demographic patterns were species specific, these results demonstrate, both theoretically and empirically, that it is critical to identify the ecological processes generating observed effects and that experimental manipulations are usually needed to determine causal mechanisms. Without such evidence to identify mechanisms, extrapolations among species may lead to counterproductive management and conservation practices.     

论人口容量与资源环境

本文在揭示人口容量拓扑空间结构的基础上,提出了第一性生产力的人口承载模型和未来世界人口的可容规模。并从生态均衡角度,探讨了人口合理容量的概念及其同消费水平和社会财富分配之间的依附机理。     

气候变化和人类活动对历史时期黄河决溢的影响

本文统计分析了历史时期黄河决溢的变化。并从自然和人为因素两方面探讨其原因和规律。认为在湿润的气候时期黄河决溢频率增高,其原因是本地区高强度的暴雨造成了黄土高原严重的水土流失,从而使黄河中下游大量的泥沙沉积。人类特别是小冰期以来加强了对黄土高原的开发,破坏了原先的植被,从而造成了严重的水土流失,这是小冰期以来黄河决溢次数远远高于其它时期的主要原因。作者还认为在下世纪高温环境到来之际,黄河决溢的危险性大大增加。     

THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF A SUBALPINE LAKE1

ABSTRACT Atmospheric scientists have predicted that large-scale climatic changes will result from increasing levels of tropospheric CO₂ We have investigated the potential effects of climate change on the primary productivity of Castle Lake, a mountain lake in Northern California. Annual algal productivity was modeled empirically using 25 years of limnological data in order to establish predictive relationships between productivity and the climatic variables of accumulated snow depth and precipitation. The outputs of monthly temperature and precipitation from three general circulation models (GCMs) of doubled atmospheric CO₂ were then used in the regression model to predict annual algal productivity. In all cases, the GCM scenarios predicted increased algal productivity for Castle Lake under cenditions of doubled atmospheric CO₂The primary cause of enhanced productivity was the increased length of the growing season resulting from earlier spring ice-out.     

中国全新世气候变化研究进展

全新世气候变化研究是古气候研究的一个重点。中国全新世气候变化的研究也是全球变化研究中重要的一部分。大量的研究工作为恢复中国全新世气候做了重大贡献。中国地形地貌复杂 ,又处在具有复杂时空变率的东亚季风控制范围内 ,这使得不同的研究工作者在一些问题上存在意见分歧。比较统一的意见是 :中国全新世始于约 10 .5kaBP ;在约 9～ 8kaBP左右为一段降温期 ;7～ 4kaBP为一段温暖期 ,通常称之为全新世大暖期 ;大约 3kaBP左右开始降温 ,至近代才又升温 ;约 130 0aA .D .左右进入小冰期 ,到 185 0aA .D .左右结束 ,其间又有几次比较明显的温度振荡。 185 0aA .D .至今为温度的上升期。对于气候变动的驱动因素 ,不同的学者看法不一 ;从长时间尺度看 ,太阳辐射变化是气候变化的主要驱动力。     

华南引种优质牧草气候适应性的研究

本文对我国南方有发展前途的三种热带牧草和三种温带牧草所历时两年的分期播种试验进行了总结。试验研究表明,热带牧草与温带牧草的生长发育、产草量形成与气象条件关系密切。同时还对热带牧草越冬、温带牧草越夏的气象指标进行了鉴定。分别找到了热带牧草的霜冻指标、平流寒害指标以及温带牧草的热害指标。此外,还对华南引种优质热带牧草和温带牧草进行了气候适应性评价。合理布局问题亦进行了探讨。并提出华南地区建设人工草场宜牧林农结合,中小型为主的观点。     

黄淮平原不同多熟模式生产力特征与资源利用效率研究

对黄淮平原一麦三玉米、一麦二玉米和一麦一玉米三种多熟模式的产量、资源利用及经济效益状况进行了比较分析。结果表明，三种模式年亩产均超过吨粮，说明在集约栽培条件下黄淮平原亩产吨粮的现实性。三种模式产量梯度差异表明，在水肥供应基本充足的情况下，通过集约多熟种植并配合以合理调控技术是在高产基础上进一步提高产量的有效途径。一麦三玉米最高产量达２２０１ｔ／ｈｍ２（亩产１４６７ｋｇ），是在现有技术条件下接近与突破亩产吨半粮的有效种植模式之一。全年玉米总穗数增加是增产的关键。一麦三玉米模式通过接茬移栽等综合措施的有效配合，能维持较高的同化功能，光热资源利用效率提高。经济效益上表现为高投入高产出，但部分产投经济指标有下降的趋势。从综合考虑公顷产量与公顷纯收入及物质费用、用工等因素上综合评判，一麦三玉米模式总体上表现优势。     

建筑节能与气候条件分析

通过建筑采暖与气象条件、建筑通风气象条件及空调设计与气象条件等的分析,论述了建筑节能与气候条件的关系.分析了内蒙古不同地区冬夏季气候特征,给出冬季采暖度日和寒冷、炎热日数等气象要素参数,提出了不同气候区居住建筑节能设计措施和建议.