土壤、农业与全球气候变化

本文讨论土壤、农业与全球气候变化的相互关系及相互影响,包括土壤圈、农业生产活动对全球气候变化的影响,以及全球气候变化对农业产生的直接和间接影响.并对引起CO2浓度上升、气温增高和水文条件改变等对世界农业和中国农业的正、负面效应进行预测、评估.     

北京沙尘暴成因及其防治途径

自元代以来，北京就有沙尘暴的记载，北京沙尘暴主要发生在腠季，目前尚没有迹象表明北京沙尘暴活动是趋于加强还是减弱，北京沙尘暴的沙尘来源，既有本地的，也有异地的。全球气候变化是少尘暴出现的外部原因；人口压力过大，人地关系不协调则是北京沙尘暴形成的内部原因，防治北京沙尘暴，从外中应积极寻求国际合作，减少温室气体排放，接受国际资金和技术援助；在内部，国家应出台一系列相关政策，北京市也应拿出具体行动计划。     

气候环境实验室降雪环境模拟技术研究

目的建立实验室降雪环境模拟技术,为飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验验证提供技术支持。方法基于对自然降雪和实验室模拟降雪机理的对比与分析,提出影响实验室内模拟降雪的关键因素,并结合理论分析和试验研究,得出实验室内模拟降雪环境的冷负荷计算方法和最优成雪的水粒直径。结果建立了实验室降雪环境模拟技术,采用该降雪环境模拟技术,降雪强度及降雪品质均满足飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验验证需求。结论建立的降雪环境模拟技术切实有效,可用于实验室飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验研究。     

汽车环境风洞设计概述

为了模拟真实的自然环境进行整车试验,汽车环境风洞是必不可少的试验手段。简述了汽车环境风洞的整体设计概念,并对最重要的空气动力学和环境模拟系统的设计进行了较为细致的论述。风洞流道不同部件均有独特的作用,各个部件的协同设计会带来优秀的空气动力学性能。环境模拟系统的设计考虑到了风洞设备和实验的热负荷,以及风洞升降温速率的要求,保证制冷能力能够满足汽车环境实验工况的要求,并且配备了道路、阳光、雨雪等自然环境的模拟设备。环境风洞不同部件发挥各自的功能,可以带来优秀的空气动力学和热力学能力。通过多方面的综合设计,汽车环境风洞可以非常好地模拟自然的环境条件,进而进行整车实验。     

中国陆地生态信息空间化技术研究(Ⅰ)——气象/气候信息的空间化技术途径

论文提出了构建中国陆地生态系统空间化信息系统的基本设想,并且在回顾国内外气象/气候信息空间化研究的现状基础上,评价了已有的气象/气候信息要素空间化技术的发展,探讨了中国陆地生态系统气象/气候信息空间化的技术途径,概要地介绍了研究小组在近年来的工作中所取得的阶段性研究成果,展望了这些成果的应用前景。我国陆地生态信息空间化技术研究和数据产品的开发是生态学、资源科学和环境科学发展的迫切需求。但建立一个适应于不同科学研究的精度、时空分辨率要求的陆地生态信息空间数据库需要较长期的努力和多学科领域的合作,也需要大量的作为科学研究基础数据平台建设的国家投资。     

Environmental Synergisms and Extinctions of Tropical Species

Abstract: Environmental synergisms may pose the greatest threat to tropical biodiversity. Using recently updated data sets from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, we evaluated the incidence of perceived threats to all known mammal, bird, and amphibian species in tropical forests. Vulnerable, endangered, and extinct species were collectively far more likely to be imperiled by combinations of threats than expected by chance. Among 45 possible pairwise combinations of 10 different threats, 69%, 93%, and 71% were significantly more frequent than expected for threatened mammals, birds, and amphibians, respectively, even with a stringent Bonferroni‐corrected probability value (p= 0.003). Based on this analysis, we identified five key environmental synergisms in the tropics and speculate on the existence of others. The most important involve interactions between habitat loss or alteration (from agriculture, urban sprawl, infrastructure, or logging) and other anthropogenic disturbances such as hunting, fire, exotic‐species invasions, or pollution. Climatic change and emerging pathogens also can interact with other threats. We assert that environmental synergisms are more likely the norm than the exception for threatened species and ecosystems, can vary markedly in nature among geographic regions and taxa, and may be exceedingly difficult to predict in terms of their ultimate impacts. The perils posed by environmental synergisms highlight the need for a precautionary approach to tropical biodiversity conservation.     

Expansion of Evergreen Conifers to the Larch-Dominated Zone and Climatic Trends

The expansion of so-called evergreen conifers (EGCs), including Siberian stone pine, spruce, and fir, along the transect oriented from the boundary of the larch-dominated zone (LDZ; mixed forests of the Yenisei Ridge) to its center has been studied. The normalized dispersal coefficient calculated as K _i = (n _i – N _i )/(n _i + N _i ), where n _i and N _i are the relative numbers of the ith species in the undergrowth and the upper layer, respectively, serves as an indicator of the expansion. It has been found that the K _i values for EGCs (and birch) are higher than the K _i of larch even in the zone absolutely dominated by larch, where the relative numbers of EGCs in the upper layer is less than 1%. The EGC undergrowth has mainly been formed during the past 20–30 years, which is correlated with the trend of summer temperatures The spread of EGCs in the LDZ depends on the frequency of forest fires. The decrease in the time intervals between fires in the 20th century to 65 years (versus 100 years in the 19th century) may have prevented the expansion of competing species in the LDZ. The results obtained indicate that EGCs and birch penetrate into the zone traditionally dominated by larch, which is related to climatic changes during the past three decades. At the same time, tree stand density is increasing in the forest-tundra ecotone, and larch is spreading further into the tundra zone.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 186–193.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kharuk, Dvinskaya, Ranson, Im.     

Effect of Climatic Changes on the Formation of Siberian Spruce Generations in Subglotsy Tree Stands of the Southern Urals

The correlation between climatic changes and the numbers of trees in the generations of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in subgoltsy tree stands of the Southern Urals was analyzed over the past 200 years. The results showed that the most abundant generations appeared in 1809–1816, 1821–1827, 1839–1845, 1850–1867, 1875–1887, 1891–1896, 1900–1904, 1911–1918, 1923–1932, 1944–1952, 1958–1966, and 1975–1995. Their formation proved to be related to the improvement of thermal conditions of the warm season during the five to seven years before and after the emergence of trees and conditions of the cold season in the year of their emergence, as well as to the periods of increased snow depth in late April in the years 27–32 of tree growth.     

电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池系统气候环境试验和要求

本文是电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池的试验和要求标题下的气候环境部分,结合国标转化过程和实验室能力验证经历,将气候试验方法和要求作描述和解释,供实验室和相关产品的供需双方参考.     

气候变化与人类活动对陆地水储量的影响

陆地水储量(TWS)是气候变化的重要指示,研究TWS有助于理解气候变化是如何影响水资源的循环。本文用GRACE重力卫星数据与气象资料恢复了2002—2016年我国陆地水储量的时空分布变化,运用M-K趋势分析判断陆地水储量与气候数据的趋势,并将具有显著趋势的地域划分为10个关键区域,其中:松花江流域、长江中下游流域、珠江流域、三江源自然保护区及青藏高原中部TWS趋于增加(2.76—7.14 mm?a~(-1)),而华北平原、黄土高原、辽河流域、天山山脉及雅鲁藏布江流域陆地水储量趋于减少(-1.47—-8.93 mm?a~(-1))。TWS与气候数据、气候环流指数的Spearman相关性的结果表明:TWS的变化主要受气候变化影响,气候变化是造成陆地水储量变化的主要因素,但在人口密集区域,人类活动对TWS的影响也不可忽视,如华北平原过度汲取地下水是造成TWS减少的重要原因。