中国荒漠化气候类型划分方法的初步探讨

在同一气候资料的基础上 ,分别应用Thornthwaite公式和Penman公式计算了潜在蒸散 ,并据此计算湿润指数 ,划分了我国的荒漠化气候类型区 ,并确定了荒漠化潜在发生范围 ,同时对上述两种方法在我国荒漠化气候类型区划中的适用性进行了比较分析。结果表明 ,对我国而言 ,Penman公式法比Thornthwaite公式法更具有合理性。根据Penman公式法的区划结果 ,我国荒漠化潜在发生范围约为4 2 4万km2 ,占国土面积的 4 4 .1% ,分布于全国 19个省 (自治区、直辖市 )。     

气候变化对长江干流区径流量的影响

长江干流区在我国经济发展中有举足轻重的地位,是我国东西经济联系的纽带和桥梁。气候变化是当今气象界讨论的重要课题,其对全球日益紧张的水资源影响已引起各国政府、学者的关注。以重庆、万县、汉口、宜昌、贵池五站为代表,通过长江干流区近８０年观测资料和每站对应的气温、降水资料,分析了气候变化对长江干流区径流量的影响。以分组频率法找出了各站的枯水年、平水年、丰水年。丰枯水年降水量距平百分率分别为２２．６％～３０．８％及－２２．１％～－２９．４％,径流量为６．４～９．６％及－２．７～－７．０％。     

哀牢山地农业气候资源利用及其与我国东部的分异

用≥１０℃积温并结合最热、最冷月均温与极端低温将哀牢山脉北段划分为５个山地气候带、６个山地农业气候层，各带（层）的上限高度背风东坡比迎风西坡提高５０－２００ｍ。因夏凉等限制，喜温作物种植的山地高度（气候）带比东部水平气候带明显降低，农业熟制也相应减少。     

Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Larix Spp. and Pinus Sylvestris and Their Climatypes in Siberia

Inter- and intraspecific effects of climate change were assessed for the dominant conifers of Siberia (60–140^∘E and 48–75^∘N): Larix spp. (L. sibirica, L. dahurica, and L. sukaczewii) and Pinus sylvestris . The approach employed a tri-variate (degree-days above 5 ^∘C, degree-days below 0 ^∘C, and a moisture index) estimate of the climatic envelope within which exists the actual ecological distribution of a species and their constituent climatypes (genotypes physiologically attuned to similar environments). Limits of the actual ecological distribution were approximated by reducing the climatic envelope according to effects of permafrost and interspecific competition. Climatypes were mapped within the climatic envelope according to the climatic interval that must separate populations for reasonable assurance of genetic differentiation. This interval was calculated from response functions that related 13-year growth and survival of a species to the difference in climate between the provenance of a climatype and the climate of numerous test sites distributed across Russia. Mapping species' distributions and their climatypes was done for the contemporary climate and for future climates predicted by the HadCM3GGa1 scenario of Hadley Centre. The results showed that if the forests of the future are to reflect the adaptedness of today, the distribution of species will shift and genotypes within species will be redistributed. Some contemporary climatypes are projected to disappear from Siberia while others common elsewhere would evolve. To mitigate these effects, climatypes should be transferred today to the expected future location of their climatic optima, a distance that is likely to approach 700–1200 km for these species.     

人类活动对黄土高原生态环境及现代气候变化的影响

本文简要阐明人类活动对黄土高原生态环境和现代气候变化的影响。重点分析了黄土高原69个气象台站40年来(1951-1969年)气温、降水变化趋势。结果表明:黄土高原的平均气温从50年代以来不断升高,降水持续减少。升温幅度较大的地区多在干旱区的新兴大、中工业城市。并找出了人口增减对气温影响的关系。     

Simulating global soil-CO2 flux and its response to climate change

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＧｌｏｂａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅｍｏｄｅｌｓｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｄｕｅｔｏｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｗａｒｍｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｔ ｔｏｏ ｄｉｓｔａｎｔｆｕｔｕｒｅ (Ｈｏｕｇｈｔｏｎ ,1990 ) .Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｒｇｕｅｄｔｈａｔｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌｗａｒｍｉｎｇｗｉｌｌｂｅｔｏａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｔｈｅｄｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒ,ｔｈｅｒｅｂｙｒｅｌｅ…     

Spatial distribution analysis on climatic variables in northeast China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷｅａｒｅａｔｔｈｅｄａｗｎｏｆａｎｅｗｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｒａ.Ｔｈｅａｄｖａｎｃｅｏｆｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,ｔｈｅｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｏｆｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｌｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓ,ｔｈｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｍｅｔｈｏｄｓａｎｄｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｕｒｇｅｎｔｎｅｅｄｓｆｏｒｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔ…     

南京地区环境资源综合开发与利用中气候异常的探讨

本文采用南京 1 90 5-1 998年平均气温资料对各月平均气温异常指数和寒暑差度参数及其 1 0年滑动平均的变化特征作了详细分析和讨论 ,同时对降水量异常进行了分析。并针对南京地区环境资源综合开发与利用中气候急剧变化提出了对策建议。     

Influences of greenhouse effect on agricultural production in China

An obvious warming in China induced by doubled carbon, dioxide as simulated by the climatic models have been found. It is also noticed that there might be drying or wetting in some parts of China induced by doubled CO2 as simulated by the general circulation models(GCMs). Agricultural productivity mainly depends on the temperature, rainfall and soil moisture in China. The changes of agricultural productivity in the different parts of China induced by doubled CO2 have been estimated in this paper. It is shown that the greenhouse effect might cause increasing production in some parts of China and decreasing production in other parts of China.     

20世纪90年代以来《Science》关于全球气候变化研究述评

近年来气候变化引起人们关注。世界许多学者对气候变化开展了广泛研究，已经取得了丰硕成果。为了了解国际上气候变化研究的进展及前沿，作者查阅了《science》于20世纪90年代以来关于气候变化的相关文章400余篇。这些文章的内容涉及地球科学、医学、物理学、微生物学等许多领域。该文主要从地球科学角度归纳总结了全球气候变化与陆地生态系统、气候变化与碳循环、全球气候变化与土地利用方式、气候变化与人类活动等方面的研究，并进行了典型研究成果的透视分析。最后提出了需要进一步研究的建议。