气候条件变化对棉纤维品质的影响

对棉纤维品质试验的结果分析表明，其长度受气候条件的影响不明显，而比强度和麦克隆值则明显受气候条件的影响。从变异值分析，受气候影响大小顺序是：比强度〉发克隆值〉长度。影响比强度的气候因子主要是日均温、累积降水量和相对湿度，影响麦克隆值的气候因子主要是日均温和累积降水量或夜均温、累积降水量。并确定影响比强度的日均温最低临界值为24．5℃，最适值为26．1℃，铃期累积降水量的最高临界值为109．9mm，最适值为44．6mm，栩对湿度的最高临界值为77．7％，最适值为67．9％。麦克隆值适宜范围的日均温为20．5～24．8℃，累积降水量为108．2～308．2mm。长度适宜范围的最低温度为14．7～20．8℃，相对湿度为84．7％～89．5％。这些因子和指标的确定为建立棉纤维品质的定量模型奠定了基础。     

哈尔滨冬季大气污染及逆温对污染物扩散影响

利用实际监测资料研究分析了哈尔滨市2000-2003年大气污染物的变化状况,和冬季重度污染发生的气候条件,特别指出了逆温持续性、强度、和层厚对大气污染扩散影响的正比关系,即逆温日数越多,超标污染日越多,逆温强度越大,污染越重的规律.     

大型气候实验室气流组织仿真分析

目的对大型气候实验室气流组织进行仿真分析,获得合理的气流组织设计方案。方法首先通过分析旋流风口的特性,建立旋流风口CFD简化模型,然后设计大型气候实验室气流组织形式,最后对极端低温和极端高温工况下不同温度、送风量和送风角度时的气流组织进行CFD仿真分析。结果低温工况时,地面温度升高将导致室内温度和温度不均匀度整体上升;高温工况时,气流难以抵达地面,且地面温度对高度5 m以下区域有显著影响,对5 m以上空间影响不显著,应增大送风角度,使送风射流方向尽可能向下,以改善地面附近温度均匀性。结论气流组织仿真分析方法和气流组织设计方案适用于大型气候实验室设计。     

海伦地区水热耦合特征及其对大豆产量的影响

农业是受气候变化影响的主要敏感行业之一,气候变暖带来的气温升高以及降水格局的改变对农作物生产有利有弊。论文基于黑龙江海伦地区1978—2004年生长季≥10℃有效积温、降水量和统计年鉴中的大豆产量数据,以积温和降水在季节上的匹配程度作为判断水热耦合的指标,采用气候波动指数、减产风险指数作为大豆产量受气候波动影响程度的指标,研究了在生长季降水量下降和≥10℃有效积温增加的趋势下水热耦合的年际和年内变化特征及其对大豆产量的影响,并分析了偏干旱、正常和湿润年份大豆产量受气候波动影响的特征和减产风险性。结果表明,大豆气候波动指数和产量减产风险指数从大到小均依次为偏干旱年、偏湿润年和正常年,说明海伦地区受气候暖干化影响较大。     

THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATIC CHANGES FOR WATER RESOURCES OF THE COLORADO AND SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN RIVER BASINS1

ABSTRACT: A wide variety of regional assessments of the water-related impacts of climatic change have been done over the past two decades, using different methods, approaches, climate models, and assumptions. As part of the Water Sector research for the National Assessment of the Implications of Climatic Variability and Change for the United States, several major summaries have been prepared, looking at the differences and similarities in results among regional research projects. Two such summaries are presented here, for the Colorado River Basin and the Sacramento River Basin. Both of these watersheds are vitally important to the social, economic, and ecological character of their regions; both are large snowmelt-driven basins; both have extensive and complex water management systems in place; and both have had numerous, independent studies done on them. This review analyzes the models, methods, climate assumptions, and conclusions from these studies, and places them in the context of the new climate scenarios developed for the National Assessment. Some significant and consistent impacts have been identified for these basins, across a wide range of potential climate changes. Among the most important is the shift in the timing of runoff that results from changes in snowfall and snowmelt dynamics. This shift has been seen in every regional result across these two basins despite differences in models and climate change assumptions. The implications of these impacts for water management, planning, and policy are discussed.     

A multidecadal oscillation in precipitation and temperature series is pronounced in low flow series from Puget Sound streams

In Pacific Northwest streams, summer low flows limit water available to competing instream (salmon) and out-of-stream (human) uses, creating broad interest in how and why low flows are trending. Analyses that assumed linear (monotonic) change over the last ~60 years revealed declining low flow trends in minimally disturbed streams. Here, polynomials were used to model flow trends between 1929 and 2015. A multidecadal oscillation was observed in flows, which increased initially from the 1930s until the 1950s, declined until the 1990s, and then increased again. A similar oscillation was detected in precipitation series, and opposing oscillations in surface temperature, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation series. Multidecadal oscillations with similar periods to those described here are well known in climate indices. Fitted model terms were consistent with flow trends being influenced by at least two drivers, one oscillating and the other monotonic. Anthropogenic warming is a candidate driver for the monotonic decline, and variation in (internal) climatic circulation for the oscillating trend, but others were not ruled out. The recent upturn in streamflows suggests that anthropogenic warming has not been the dominant factor driving streamflow trends, at least until 2015. Climate projections based on simulations that omit drivers of multidecadal variation are likely to underestimate the range, and rate of change, of future climatic variation.     

近25年雅鲁藏布江中游蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素的变化

采用气候倾向率方法,对西藏雅鲁藏布江(下称"雅江")中游1981~2005年14个气象站年、季小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响气候因子的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明:近25年西藏雅江中游年蒸发皿蒸发量在流域绝大部分站点均呈现显著的减少趋势,平均减幅为109.92mm,以夏季减少趋势最明显。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气候因子日照时数、平均风速呈现显著下降趋势,平均相对湿度、降水量表现为显著增加,平均气温显著升高,平均最低气温的升温速率(0.52℃/10a)明显比平均最高气温的升温速率(0.23℃/10a)大,导致气温日较差减少(-0.29℃/10a)。因此,雅江中游年日照时数和平均风速的显著下降,以及年平均相对湿度的明显增加可能是年蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,平均气温日较差的显著减小和降水量的增加在蒸发量减少趋势中的作用也不可忽视。     

四川乌头和附子气候生态适宜性研究

本文在分析乌头和附子的生态要求及其主要分布产区的气候环境的基础上,根据模糊集合论(Fuzzy sets)分别建立乌头和附子5个生态气候要素的隶属函数模型,以50个市(县)气象台(站)为代表,综合评价了四川省乌头和附子产地气候条件的生态适宜性;根据综合评判结果,分别将四川划分为3个乌头不同适宜区和4个附子不同适宜区。     

中国热带近百年气候波动与自然灾害

20世纪，中国热带气温呈波动上升趋势。在气温波动过程中有2个冷期和2个暖期。最暖的时期为80年代后，这与全球变化相一致，但是昆明最暖的时期为40年代。气候型大多为暖湿同期，这与全国其它区域的状况不同。自然灾害有加剧的趋势：台风次数增多，多台风年洪水多发，旱灾和冷害次数增多，广州曾降微雪，海口和崖县曾见霜，昆明曾有4年强降雪。     

气候变化主要因子对马铃薯生物量积累及产量和品质的影响

利用新型开顶式气室(OTC)开展CO2浓度升高和大气增温试验,分别为模拟增温2.0℃,模拟增温2.0℃且CO2浓度增加到650μmol·mol-1,对照CO2浓度约410μmol·mol-1,对马铃薯叶片、叶柄和茎等地上生物量、根和块茎等地下生物量积累过程及其特征参数的协同影响研究,分析气候变化对马铃薯产量形成和品质的...