厌氧污泥降解萘动力学与生物多样性研究

为对工业废水中的萘进行高效的生物处理,采集某石油工业废水处理装置的厌氧活性污泥,以萘和萘与乳酸钠为电子供体进行驯化培养.当一个驯化周期中萘去除率达到90%以上时,研究间歇反应条件下分别以萘和萘与乳酸钠为电子供体时的降解动力学,并提取去除率高的污泥中微生物总DNA,构建16S rDNA基因片段克隆文库分析细菌群落结构.结果表明,以单一萘为电子供体时萘的降解率远远小于萘与乳酸钠共代谢时的降解率;两种驯化模式下萘浓度与时间符合一级反应动力学,动力学常数K分别为3.5×10-3h-1和16×10-3h-1.萘与乳酸钠共代谢污泥中细菌类群主要为Deltaproteobacteria、Thermotogae、Bacteroidetes、Chloroflexi和Unclassified bacteria,其中Deltaproteobacteria类细菌占主导地位.在成熟的厌氧活性污泥中Desulfobulbus sp.所占比例为24.2%;Kosmotoga占21.0%.此外,反应器中还存在Smithella、Syntrophobacter、Levilinea等细菌.对厌氧活性污泥中细菌多样性的研究有利于优化反应条件,从而提高污泥中萘的去除率.     

贫营养条件下EPS、SMP和微生物多样性的研究

为了考察活性污泥在营养缺乏的条件下,胞外聚合物（EPS）、溶解性微生物产物（SMP）和微生物种群结构自身的变化情况,为优化MBR系统运行、延缓膜污染等提供理论依据,对天津大学游泳馆MBR中的污泥混合液进行贫营养实验,测定了污泥混合液中EPS和SMP的含量,通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术和克隆测序技术对微生物多样性进行分析,根据序列数据进行同源性分析并构建系统进化树.实验初期,EPS和SMP的浓度由15.04 mg/g和0 mg/g分别上升到17.99 mg/g和3.29 mg/g.随着实验的进行,EPS有很大的降低,最终只有2.40 mg/g;SMP则一直在3.5 mg/g左右变化.实验表明,EPS和SMP对外界环境变化具有一定的缓冲作用,并且在营养缺乏的条件下微生物能够以降解EPS和SMP来维持自身生命活动.由于对EPS和SMP的利用,污泥的Shannon多样性指数由最初的0.81上升到最高时的1.09,随后开始降低,并最终稳定在0.95.克隆测序的结果表明,污泥中微生物的种类比较丰富,并且优势菌种大部分为未经培养菌种.部分菌种能够通过产生蛋白质和多糖水解酶来实现对EPS和SMP的降解,主要属于拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、黄杆菌(Flavobacterium）、腐螺旋菌(Saprospiraceae)和厚壁门菌(Firmicutes)等.     

pH对水稻土全程氨氧化细菌丰度和群落结构组成影响

土壤pH被认为是影响AOA和AOB生态位分化的重要因子,而最近发现的全程氨氧化细菌(Comammox Nitrospira)也在土壤中广泛分布,推测pH可能也是影响全程氨氧化细菌生态位分化的重要因子.选取酸性红壤和中性紫色土发育的水稻土,采用荧光定量PCR及克隆测序技术,分析了全程氨氧化细菌Comammox Nitro...     

厌氧氨氧化菌的富集培养与分子鉴定

采用传统培养方法与分子生物学方法相结合,进行了厌氧氨氧化菌的分离培养与分子鉴定.富集培养以2种不同反应器的厌氧氨氧化污泥作为分离源,以亚硝酸盐与铵盐为底物.经过2 a传代培养获得2个培养系,对亚硝酸盐及铵盐具有稳定的去除能力,氨氮去除率为85%左右.通过16S rRNA克隆文库方法对培养系中浮霉菌门微生物群落结构进行了多样性解析,结果表明2个培养系中的厌氧氨氧化菌是同一种微生物,代表序列比对结果与"Kuenenia stuttgartiensis"同源性为99%.采用"K.stuttgartiensis"的特异探针对培养系进行了荧光原位杂交分析(FISH),进一步证实"K.stuttgartiensis"是培养系中的优势厌氧氨氧化菌,占总菌群数的80%～90%.对反应器中"K.stuttgartiensis"的丰度变化进行了FISH跟踪检测,发现原始接种污泥中"K.stuttgartiensis"为主要厌氧氨氧化菌,经过2 a运行该菌在污泥中的丰度由11%提高到24%.     

Characterization of the airborne bacteria community at different distances from the rotating brushes in a wastewater treatment plant by 16S rRNA gene clone libraries

Biological risks of bioaerosols emitted from wastewater treatment processes have attracted wide attention in the recent years. However, the culture-based analysis method has been mostly adopted for detecting the bacterial community in bioaerosols, which may result in the underestimation of total microorganism concentration as not all microorganisms are cultivable. In this study, oligonucleotide fingerprinting of 16S rRNA genes was applied to reveal the composition and structure of the bacterial community in bioaerosols from an Orbal oxidation ditch in a Beijing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Bioaerosols were collected at different distances from the aerosol source, rotating brushes, and the sampling height was 1.5 m which is the common respiratory height of a human being. The bacterial communities of bioaerosols were diverse, and the lowest bacterial diversity was found at the sampling site just after the rotating brush rotating brush. A large proportion of bacteria in bioaerosols were affiliated with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Numerous bacteria present in the bioaerosols also emerged in water, indicating that the bacterial community in the bioaerosols was related to that of the aerosols’ sources. The forced aeration of rotating brushes brought about observably distinct bacterial communities between sampling sites situated before and after the rotating brush. Isolation sources of closest relatives in bioaerosols clone libraries were associated with the aqueous environment in the WWTP. Common potential pathogens in bioaerosols as well as those not reported in previous research were also analyzed in this study. Measures should be adopted to reduce the emission of bioaerosols and prevent their exposure to workers.     

Eubacteria and Archaea community of simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification granular sludge

Based on the successful performance of a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with the capacity of simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification (SMD), the specific phylogenetic groups and community structure of microbes in the SMD granule in the UASB reactor were investigated by the construction of the Eubacteria and Archaea 16S rDNA clone libraries, fragment length polymorphism, and sequence blast. Real time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RTQ-PCR) technique was used to quantify the contents of Eubacteria and Archaea in the SMD granule. The contents of some special predominant methanogens were also investigated. The results indicated that the Methanosaeta and Methanobacteria were the predominant methanogens in all Archaea in the SMD granule, with contents of 71. 59% and 22. 73% in all 88 random Archaea clones, respectively. The diversity of Eubacteria was much more complex than that of Archaea. The low GC positive gram bacteria and Б-Protebacteria were the main predominant Eubacteria species in SMD granule, their contents were 49. 62% and 12. 03% in all 133 random Eubacteria clones respectively. The results of RTQ-PCR indicated that the content of Archaea was less than Eubacteria, the Archaea content in total microorganisms in SMD granule was about 27. 6%.     

青蒿无性系中青蒿素生物合成的相关因素

通过诱导丛生芽的方法得到青蒿高产无性克隆系S1,并用S1进行了青蒿素生物合成相关因素的研究 .发现在Hoagland培养液中添加 0 .4 4mg/L浓度的ZnSO4或者 5 .72mg/L的HBO3 时 ,能有效提高青蒿素的含量 .研究表明 ,青蒿素含量和青蒿各株系间的遗传差异存在很大关系 ,RAPD分析的结果表明 ,用OPA15能够在青蒿高产株系中扩增到OPA15 10 0 0 这一特异性片段 .另外 ,对青蒿素含量和青蒿生殖生长关系的研究表明 ,青蒿素含量最高的发育时期是现蕾期 .图 7表 1参 19     

基于不同测序技术的生物群落结构及功能菌分析

分别采用克隆文库和高通量测序技术,解析生物去除铁锰氨滤池内微生物的群落结构和功能菌多样性,并探讨不同测序手段的差异.高通量测序获得15057条有效序列、共32个分类纲,克隆文库测序涵盖9个具有明确分类地位的纲(75条序列),前者能揭示更为丰富的细菌群落结构多样性.功能菌(铁锰氧化细菌和硝化细菌)分析过程中,一些功能菌属在克隆文库中出现,而在高通量测序中未检测到,反之亦然.与单一的测序手段相比,二者相结合能更好地揭示功能细菌的分布特点.     

β-甘露聚糖酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的克隆及表达

从Bacillus subtilis JNA 3-10中克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因成熟肽链编码序列manA1和含信号肽的β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA2,在B.subtilis 168中克隆表达,分别筛选获得高效分泌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的重组菌株BPM1001(pMA5-manA1/B.subtilis 168)和BPM1002(pMA5-manA2/B.subtilis 168),结果表明菌株BPM1002总酶活力是菌株BPM1001的9.65倍,是原始菌株的13.1倍.在基因manA2下游引入His序列克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA3,获得枯草芽孢杆菌168重组菌株BPM1003.采用Ni-NTA柱纯化重组菌株BPM1003分泌表达的β-甘露聚糖酶,并研究其酶学性质,该酶促反应的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为65℃,在37℃条件下保存一个月酶活力依然保留有77.8%.5 L发酵罐放大实验结果表明魔芋粉对于产β-甘露聚糖酶具有明显的诱导作用,酶活力最高可达2 748.82 U/mL.图9表3参19