Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a hybrid bioreactor

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was successfully started up from conventional activated sludge using a hybrid bioreactor within 2 months. The average removal efficiencies of ammonia and nitrite were both over 80%, and the maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 1.85 kg N/(m³.day) was obtained on day 362 with the initial sludge concentration of 0.7 g mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)/L. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the granular sludge in the hybrid reactor clearly showed a high degree of compactness and cell sphericity, and the cell size was quite uniform. Transmission electron microscope photos showed that cells were round or oval, the cellular diameter was 0.6--1.0 μupm, and the percentage of the anammoxosome compartment was 51%--85% of the whole cell volume. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) indicated that anammox bacteria became the dominant population in the community (accounting for more than 51% of total bacteria on day 250). Seven planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass and affiliated to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sp., a new anammox species. In addition, the average effluent suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations of outlets I (above the non-woven carrier) and II (below the non-woven carrier) were 0.0009 and 0.0035 g/L, respectively. This showed that the non-woven carrier could catch the biomass effectively, which increased biomass and improved the nitrogen removal rate in the reactor.     

16S rDNA克隆文库方法分析好氧颗粒污泥细菌组成

采用构建16S rDNA克隆文库方法对好氧颗粒污泥的细菌种群多样性进行研究. 随机测定了82个克隆子序列(700 bp),Blast比对结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落具有高度多样性,可分为7个主要类群,其中,β变形菌(β-Proteobacteria)类群和鞘脂杆菌(Sphingobacteria)类群在文库中所占比例最大,分别为34.16%和30.50%;其次是Candidate division TM7类群、黄杆菌(Flavobacteria)类群和γ变形菌(γ-Proteobacteria)类群,分别为9.76%,7.32%和7.32%;放线菌(Actinobacteria)类群和α变形菌(α-Proteobacteria)类群所占比例相对较小,分别为4.88%和1.22%. 序列分析结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥中不仅含有对好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定运行具有重要作用的食酸菌属(Acidovorax)细菌、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)等细菌,还含有对CODCr和氨氮具有很好去除能力的Micropruina glycogenica,丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)等细菌.      

甲烷厌氧氧化协同硝酸盐还原菌群驯化及其群落特征

伴随硝酸盐还原的甲烷厌氧氧化是协同减少环境中硝酸盐及甲烷的有效途径.利用实验室废水处理厌氧污泥、污水处理厂厌氧污泥和填埋场覆土驯化富集硝酸盐还原型甲烷厌氧氧化菌群.考察菌群的甲烷氧化效果,结果发现接种污水处理厂厌氧污泥体系甲烷转化量最大,为0.05 mg·d-1.微生物群落结构分析显示,该体系中甲烷微菌和甲烷八叠球菌是甲烷氧化菌,假单胞菌、梭状芽胞杆菌和热单胞菌参与了硝酸盐的还原反应.硝酸盐的量影响甲烷的转化率及菌群结构.当硝酸盐浓度为200 mg·L-1时,体系中的硝酸盐还原菌为假单胞菌和梭状芽胞杆菌;浓度增加至500 mg·L-1时,硝酸盐还原菌则是假单胞菌和热单胞菌.同时,甲烷转化率增加34.7%.研究结果为该菌群应用于含甲烷废气与含硝酸盐废水的协同处理提供科学依据.     

饮用水深度处理活性炭池中微生物群落分布研究

采集2种炭龄饮用水深度处理活性炭池表面生物膜,提取微生物总DNA,构建细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并通过16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对样品中的细菌种群多样性以及群落结构进行了研究.结果表明,5 a炭龄炭样克隆文库中阳性克隆的16S rDNA序列分属11个细菌类群,分别为α-Proteobacteria(26....     

基于不同测序技术的生物群落结构及功能菌分析

分别采用克隆文库和高通量测序技术,解析生物去除铁锰氨滤池内微生物的群落结构和功能菌多样性,并探讨不同测序手段的差异.高通量测序获得15057条有效序列、共32个分类纲,克隆文库测序涵盖9个具有明确分类地位的纲(75条序列),前者能揭示更为丰富的细菌群落结构多样性.功能菌(铁锰氧化细菌和硝化细菌)分析过程中,一些功能菌属在克隆文库中出现,而在高通量测序中未检测到,反之亦然.与单一的测序手段相比,二者相结合能更好地揭示功能细菌的分布特点.     

β-甘露聚糖酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的克隆及表达

从Bacillus subtilis JNA 3-10中克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因成熟肽链编码序列manA1和含信号肽的β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA2,在B.subtilis 168中克隆表达,分别筛选获得高效分泌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的重组菌株BPM1001(pMA5-manA1/B.subtilis 168)和BPM1002(pMA5-manA2/B.subtilis 168),结果表明菌株BPM1002总酶活力是菌株BPM1001的9.65倍,是原始菌株的13.1倍.在基因manA2下游引入His序列克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA3,获得枯草芽孢杆菌168重组菌株BPM1003.采用Ni-NTA柱纯化重组菌株BPM1003分泌表达的β-甘露聚糖酶,并研究其酶学性质,该酶促反应的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为65℃,在37℃条件下保存一个月酶活力依然保留有77.8%.5 L发酵罐放大实验结果表明魔芋粉对于产β-甘露聚糖酶具有明显的诱导作用,酶活力最高可达2 748.82 U/mL.图9表3参19     

3DBER-S阴极nirS型反硝化菌群的分析

为探究低碳氮比条件下3DBER-S(三维电极生物膜与硫自养耦合脱氮工艺)阴极反硝化菌群特征、强化脱氮机制,在TOC/TN=0.36的进水条件下稳定运行反应器,运用nirS基因克隆文库方法,分析了3DBER-S阴极生物膜反硝化菌群结构。结果表明,在3DBER-S阴极生物膜上反硝化菌中,β变形菌(β-proteobacteria)是优势菌种,占细菌总数的59.22%。其中,所占比例最大的是异养菌,包括与固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus tolulyticus)和趋磁螺菌(Magnetospirillum magneticum)类似的细菌,分别占44.74%和21.05%。能够分别利用硫单质或氢气作为电子供体进行反硝化脱氮的Sulfuricella denitrifican、高氯酸盐降解菌(Dechlorospirillum sp.)和陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)三者所占比例之和达到了17.11%。表明系统中氮的去除是由异养反硝化、氢自养反硝化和硫自养反硝化共同作用的结果,既有效减少了脱氮过程中有机碳源的消耗,又维持了系统酸碱度的平衡,从而能够在低碳氮比条件下维持稳定高效的脱氮效果。     

城市污水厂活性污泥强化自养反硝化菌研究

采集北京高碑店城市污水厂的反硝化污泥样品,以硫磺作为电子供体进行驯化培养. 测定污泥的增长率来确定污泥活性,分别测定NO^-₃-N、SO^2-₄浓度来确定硝酸盐的去除效率和硫酸盐生成速率. 当硝酸盐去除率达到90%以上时,提取污泥中微生物总DNA,构建16S rRNA基因片段克隆文库来分析细菌群落结构. 结果表明,污泥的增长率为0.177 g/(L·d),污泥中硝酸盐浓度与时间的关系符合一级反应. 污泥中细菌类群主要为Beta-Proteobacteria、Deta-Proteobacteria、Gamma-Proteobacteria和Unclassified bacteria,其中Beta-Proteobacteria类细菌占主导地位. 在成熟的反硝化污泥中,自养反硝化菌Thiobacillus denitrificans占所占比例高达48.65%. 此外,反应器中还存在Denitratisoma sp.、Curvibacter sp.、Thermomonas sp.、Geobacter sp.等细菌. 对自养反硝化污泥中细菌多样性的研究有利于优化反应条件,从而提高污泥的硝酸盐去除率.     

Effect of methamidophos on soil fungi community in microcosms by plate count, DGGE and clone library analysis

Methamidophos was widely used a pesticide in northern China. The potential influences of methamidophos on soil fungal community in black soil were assessed by plate count, 28S rDNA-PCR-DGGE, and clone library analysis. Three methamidophos levels (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg) were tested in soil microcosms. Results from plate count during a 60-d microcosm experiment showed that high concentrations of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) could significantly stimulate fungal populations. DCGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting patterns showed a significant difference between the responses of culturable and total fungi communities under the stress of methamidophos. Shannon diversity indices calculated from DGGE profiles indicated that culturable fungi in all microcosms with methamidophos treatment increased after 1 week of incubation. However, the diversity indices of total fungi decreased in the first week, as compared to the stimulation of culturable fungi. At the 8th week, however, all the microcosms treated by methamidophos were similar to the control microcosms in community structure as suggested by the Shannon diversity indices for both culturable and total fungi. In contrast, after 1 week the fungal structure of culturable and unculturable both were disturbed to different extent under the stresses of methamidophos by clustering analysis. Clone sequencing analysis indicated the stimulation of pathogenic and unculturable fungal populations by methamidophos treatment, suggetsing potential risks of plant disease outbreak.