稻田冬闲期CO2气体排放的观测研究

亚热带红壤稻作区是华中地区的主要生态系统类型,在生态、经济以及社会效益方面都起着非常重要的作用。为了解这一生态区域的碳循环过程的因素和机理,同时为进一步解释农田碳循环过程对温室气体CO2的影响提供科学依据,采用静态箱式法对亚热带红壤性稻田长达约5个月的冬季休闲期(2005年11月—2006年4月)CO2气体排放通量进行了田间原位观测,并结合同步气象资料进行了分析。结果表明:亚热带红壤性稻田冬闲期CO2通量与近地面CO2体积分数的季节变化基本同步,与地面稻田生态系统的CO2通量对大气CO2体积分数的影响60%;CO2通量日变化规律基本为昼吸夜排:白天表现为田间杂草光合作用的结果,受光合有效辐射的影响,CO2通量与光合有效辐射的关系符合对数曲线,相关性达到显著水平;夜晚则以呼吸过程为主,主要受温度的影响,CO2通量与温度呈线性关系,其中气温和5cm地温最适宜用作于描述夜间CO2通量对温度变化的响应的指标。亚热带红壤性稻田生态系统在149d的休闲期内从大气中累积吸碳量(以CO2计)约4.03t·hm-2,表现为大气的碳汇。     

生物技术在南方果树研究中的应用

综述了微繁、胚培养、胚乳培养、花药培养、原生质体培养与融合、转基因和基因克隆、分子标记等生物技术近年来在柑桔等南方果树上的应用.     

猪场废弃物强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的试验研究

通过组织5个猪场废弃物堆肥试验，度量温度、表观性状、体积、重量损失、全氮、全磷、大肠杆菌值、蛔虫卵杀灭率和发芽指数等指标，检验了开发的强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的性能。结果表明，除起始含水率为80％试验堆体因起始含水率过高导致发生厌氧反应外，其余4个堆体均实现堆肥无害化、减量化、稳定化和资源化的处理目标；堆肥温度维持50℃以上5—7d，或55℃以上3d是大肠杆菌值达到国家粪便无害化卫生标准的必要条件；堆肥过程能有效脱除堆料的生物毒性，后腐熟阶段是必需阶段；氮、磷、钾等主要营养元素在堆肥前后呈现“浓缩效应”。因此，堆肥化能提高猪场废弃物肥效和利用价值。     

生物强化技术在废水处理中的应用

本文主要从三个方面总结了近几年国内外有关生物强化技术的应用情况 ,即直接投加特效降解微生物或共代谢基质、固定化技术和生物强化制剂来处理各种类型的废水。     

Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation from oxidation of α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene

The biogenic species α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene are among the most abundant monoterpenes emitted globally. They are also important precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere. This study involves the development of proposed oxidation mechanisms for these three species. Semi- and non-volatile oxidation products with the potential to lead to SOA formation are predicted explicitly. Simulation code that describes the gas-phase oxidation mechanisms including reactions that lead to ozone (O₃) formation is coupled to an equilibrium absorptive partitioning code. The coupled model is used to simulate both gas-phase chemistry and SOA formation associated with oxidation of these three species in chamber experiments involving single as well as multiple oxidants. For the partitioning model, required molecular properties of the oxidation products are taken from the literature or estimated based on structural characteristics. The predicted O₃ and SOA concentrations are typically within ±50% of measured values for most of the experiments except for the experiments with low initial hydrocarbon concentrations and the nitrate radical experiments with α-pinene. The developed model will be used to update a gas-phase chemical mechanism and a SOA formation module used in a three-dimensional air quality model.     

新装修居室中大芯板释放甲醛的研究

采用环境舱模拟室内微环境,以大芯板作为研究对象,探讨空气交换率、相对湿度、温度等因素对室内甲醛释放的影响,得出室内甲醛释放规律.研究成果对预测室内甲醛浓度,建立室内甲醛释放模型,以及减少甲醛危害等有重要意义.     

海洋高技术发展及其对海洋生态环境影响的案例分析与政策研究

本文描述了海洋高技术的兴起与进展、海洋采矿对生态环境影响的案例分析。６０年代以来，海洋高技术最重要的成就是深海采矿，根据当前发展动态看，深海石油和采矿技术仍是海洋高技术的主要方向，而海洋生物技术也是最有前景的高技术领域之一。对油船触礁造成的漏油事故案例分析指出海洋高技术对海洋生态环境的影响主要表现如下：１．对海洋生物资源的危害。首先，在油污染事件的短期内大量海鸟和海兽被杀死；其次，长期累积在经济鱼类内的有害物质通过食物链进入人体而对人体健康产生危害。２．对海滨环境的影响。如破坏海滨浴场水质。为了避免各种海洋高技术对海洋生态环境的影响，介绍了几点政策建议。     

用紫露草微核技术监测污水初探

紫露草微核监测不同于理化监测,它反映的是环境污染中诱度因子对生物细胞遗传物质DNA的作用强度。微核率的大小反映出污染物对生物体影响程度的大小,本文初探该法用于污水监测。     

顶空便携气相色谱测定水中苯系物

研究了分配常数、气液相比、温度和无机盐等对顶空分析灵敏度的影响.结果表明,这些参数对不同组分顶空灵敏度的影响有显著差异.气液相比对分配常数小的组分影响大,而温度和无机盐对分配常数大的组分影响大.提出了静态顶空/吸附热解吸/SENTEX便携气相色谱仪/微氩离子检测器测定水中4个苯系物的方法,平均相对标准偏差7.38%,平均相对误差3.46%,与标准方法比较,没有显著差异,而方法检出限低于标准方法1～2数量级.     

Analysis of heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in relation to their bioaccumulation in explanted Pseudevernia furfuracea thalli

Lichens explants and airborne particulates were analysed for Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cu content in a rural site in the province of Vercelli (Piedmont, N. Italy). Thalliof the fruticose lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea were collected from an uncontaminated area and exposed for one yearusing two different techniques. Particulates were collected using a continuously operating particulate sampler set up nearthe lichens explanted throughout the experiment survey.The results confirm both the importance of assessing contamination in rural areas corroborated by the analysis of the presence of the heavy metals in particulates in relationto the main wind directions and the validity of this lichen asbiomonitor of airborne metal pollution, although meaningfuldifferences were pointed out between the two different techniques of exposure. The significant correlation between most of the metals accumulated by lichens and the metal air concentrations shows a good evidence of their ability to represent atmospheric contamination.