受限空间屏幕作业视觉疲劳研究

为了探究有限空间内光照对屏幕作业视觉疲劳影响,选取实验人员在受限空间平台内进行模拟屏幕作业。实验结果表明:在有限空间内作业,300 lx为理想的照明条件,并且在较昏暗（0~100 lx）的情况下,视觉能力下降的最快;光照强度的强弱对疲劳有明显的影响,在光线较暗的环境中闭眼时长明显高于正常光线（300 lx）时和较亮（750 lx）环境的闭眼时长,在作业30~60 min时,男女表现差异明显;黑暗环境更能造成作业人员疲劳,男性在黑暗环境中的视觉适应能力优于女性。同时做出推断,闭眼波动性增大的时间点推测为疲劳关键点,应该对该时刻工作的人员提醒或提前进行休息,避免该时刻出现。研究结论可为关于视觉疲劳眼动设备的开发提供理论支撑。     

北京市PM2.5质量浓度特征及组分化学质量闭合研究

2013年7—9月分2次在北京市朝阳区的4个采样点(来广营、垡头、奥体和建外)进行PM_2.5手工采样,共获得164个有效滤膜样品。以石英滤膜为例,这4个采样点的均值分别为85、94、81、86 μg/m³。数据显示PM_2.5质量浓度呈"南高北低"的特点。化学质量闭合研究表明:碳质组分(OM+EC)和二次无机离子是PM_2.5的主要组成;碳质组分对夏季PM_2.5的质量浓度贡献比较稳定,2次采样对PM_2.5的贡献均在1/3左右,与采样时间和地点无关;二次无机离子的贡献则与采样时间有关,对PM_2.5的贡献在第一和第二次采样时间分别约为30%和20%。4个采样点中,最南端的垡头PM_2.5质量浓度最高,有机颗粒物、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺的质量浓度平均值最高,分别为26、18.2、10.5、5.9 μg/m³。     

沈阳市采暖期与非采暖期空气PM2.5污染特征及来源分析

为了研究沈阳市采暖期与非采暖期空气PM_(2.5)污染特征及来源,于2015年1月29日～2016年1月26日在沈阳市采集PM_(2.5)有效样品113组,并分析了其载带的水溶性离子、碳组分及元素组分.结果表明,采样期间沈阳市PM_(2.5)质量浓度均值为66μg·m~(-3),其中31. 0%的样品超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)日均值二级标准(75μg·m~(-3)),采暖期PM_(2.5)的平均浓度和超标率(90μg·m~(-3)、68. 6%)明显高于非采暖期(51μg·m~(-3)、31. 4%).采样期间21种元素(除了Mg、Ti、Ca、Fe、Si)、水溶性离子(除Ca~(2+)以外)和OC、EC质量浓度均呈现出采暖期高于非采暖期的趋势;[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]比值表明非采暖期受移动源影响明显增加,燃煤等固定源仍是采暖期PM_(2.5)的主要来源,PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子是固定源和移动源共同作用的结果;氮氧化率(NOR)和硫氧化率(SOR)分析得到NO_x二次转化程度较弱,SO_2二次转化程度较强,特别是在非采暖期;富集因子结果表明EF值较高的元素主要来自燃煤、交通污染和工业排放. PM_(2.5)组分重构质量与实测质量呈现较好的相关性,采暖期和非采暖期PM_(2.5)中主要组分均为有机物(OM 28. 0%、23. 1%)、矿物尘(MIN 14. 5%、26. 0%)和SO_4~(2-)(15. 1%、19. 9%),PM_(2.5)受二次粒子、燃烧源和扬尘源影响较大.     

Pioneers of ecological restoration: the people and legacy of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum

A focus on communication can provide in-depth understanding of public participation in natural resource management. Analysis of empirical material from a participatory process using the theoretical concepts of discursive closure and discursive opening revealed that openings were achieved, but the perspectives represented in the process were also closed down. The reasons for closures are discussed in terms of structural constraints, with participants shown to have many different constraints and different reasons for making closures. The conclusion is that the type of theoretical analysis presented in this paper could be used by a facilitator in meetings as a participatory tool to investigate closures and open them up to achieve a more deliberative process.     

基于模糊综合评价的冶金企业烧结矿料皮带通廊封闭方案优选

以冶金企业烧结矿料皮带通廊为例,在分析其火灾危险性及消防要求基础上,对目前常见的符合消防标准要求的封闭方案及其优缺点进行分析,并运用模糊综合评价模型对封闭方案进行优选。通过比选得出的最优封闭方案,可供冶金企业参考采纳。     

珠江三角洲地区气溶胶分档活化特性与闭合实验

使用SMPS与CCNC系统相结合,于2011年12月在广州番禺大气成分站开展了40~200nm气溶胶粒子的分档活化观测.活化率曲线和统计结果显示0.109%、0.20%、0.39%、0.67%四个过饱和比下临界干粒径Dmid依次为143.7,99.5,74.7,62.6nm;对应的截断粒径Dcut为171.9, 119.1, 90.2, 72.5nm.进一步分析表明,气溶胶粒子的活化能力主要受粒径控制,成分与混合状态的影响在活化临界位置附近最为显著.本次观测结果与华北地区和周边城郊地区相比,气溶胶活化能力较弱.闭合实验计算得到的CCN数浓度与观测值存在很好的相关性(R2=0.9477),计算值较观测值高约16%.考虑到仪器系统误差等因素,认为两者闭合良好.对CCN数浓度计算中使用的3个因子,即气溶胶数浓度NCN、气溶胶谱型NSD、活化率曲线ARSR进行了敏感性实验,结果显示各因子对CCN数浓度的影响程度存在如下关系:NCN> NSD> ARSR.     

Environmental bonds and the challenge of long-term carbon sequestration

The potential to capture carbon from industrial sources and dispose of it for the long-term, known as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), is widely recognized as an important option to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, CCS has the potential to provide emissions cuts sufficient to stabilize greenhouse gas levels, while still allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels. In addition, CCS is both technologically-feasible and commercially viable compared with alternatives with the same emissions profile. Although the concept appears to be solid from a technical perspective, initial public perceptions of the technology are uncertain. Moreover, little attention has been paid to developing an understanding of the social and political institutional infrastructure necessary to implement CCS projects. In this paper we explore a particularly dicey issue--how to ensure adequate long-term monitoring and maintenance of the carbon sequestration sites. Bonding mechanisms have been suggested as a potential mechanism to reduce these problems (where bonding refers to financial instruments used to ensure regulatory or contractual commitments). Such mechanisms have been successfully applied in a number of settings (e.g., to ensure court appearances, completion of construction projects, and payment of taxes). The paper examines the use of bonding to address environmental problems and looks at its possible application to nascent CCS projects. We also present evidence on the use of bonding for other projects involving deep underground injection of materials for the purpose of long-term storage or disposal.     

简易垃圾填埋场综合治理方案

结合牛山简易垃圾填埋场综合治理工程,分别从简易填埋场的封场和防渗两方面进行了综合治理方案的研究。结果表明:以生活垃圾填埋场封场技术规程为指导,以垂直防渗帷幕作为防渗方案,在工程中切实可行,可以为简易填埋场的综合治理提供借鉴。     

Social licences to operate: for better not for worse; for richer not for poorer? The impacts of unplanned mining closure for “fence line” residential communities

Establishing “social licences to operate” with communities has become a significant corporate social responsibility agenda. The complex dynamics of these relationships can compound the impacts for communities when these contracts are not upheld. This article documents reflections from a rapid rural appraisal conducted in the Shire of Ravensthorpe in remote Western Australia after the Ravensthorpe Nickel Operation was “mothballed” 9 months into a projected 25-year lifespan. It captures how communication about the project and its time frames created a sense of consistency, predictability, certainty and trust – enabling social licence. The raising of hope and the emergence of mistrust underpin social, environmental and financial impacts of this event for the local community. Embedded in the theoretical dimensions of social licences, this case study highlights the problematic of social licences that engage with non-contractual stakeholders as partners in “booms” but have no legal responsibility towards them in times of “bust”.