山西云凝结核时空分布特征观测

选取2011年1~12月山西太原云凝结核(CCN)观测数据,对CCN的季节、月、日变化特征进行了分析,并与国内外同类研究进行了对比.结果发现,冬季CCN数浓度最高,春秋季次之,夏季CCN数浓度最低.CCN数浓度的最高值出现在1月,最低值出现在6月.夏季较多的降水天气对CCN的湿清除作用明显,冬季供暖期间(11~12月及1~3月),CCN数浓度明显增大.CCN数浓度日变化一般呈现两个峰值,分别出现在07:00~11:00和17:00~20:00.利用公式N=CSk拟合了不同季节地面CCN核谱,得到春夏秋冬四季对应的拟合参数C值分别为10983、2454、7614、16421,k值均小于1,为典型的大陆型核谱.通过2013年夏季在山西中部地区开展的CCN飞机观测,研究了CCN数浓度的垂直廓线.CCN数浓度在近地面最大,随高度逐渐降低.在0.3%和0.4%过饱和度下,2000m以下CCN数浓度平均量级均为103cm-3, 3000m以上CCN数浓度平均量级降低至102cm-3.     

基于云模型的隧道塌方风险等级评价

针对造成隧道塌方事故影响因子的复杂性和模糊性,基于云模型理论,选取影响隧道塌方风险的10项因子,建立了4个风险等级的隧道塌方风险评价模型。根据云模型的数字特征计算规则计算各因子隶属于不同风险等级的云模型数字特征,结合正向正态云发生器和各项评价因子的权重,获得云模型的综合确定度,最终由最大综合确定度确定隧道塌方风险等级。工程实例样本应用中,构建的隧道塌方风险评价云模型和模糊综合评价模型的评价结果相符,同时与相应的设计施工方案和施工安全风险评估报告的结果相吻合,表明该模型的可行性与有效性,体现出云模型中定性语言描述和定量数值间不确定转换的优点,且结果便于工程应用。     

地面气象观测资料在空气法规模型的标准化研究

以云量、风速、风向、温度3类地面气象观测数据的获取方法为研究对象,探讨如何规范地面气象观测数据在模型中的标准化应用.结合我国2008年颁布的《环境影响评价技术导则 大气环境》推荐的模型AERMOD对所需要的地面气象数据需求,并以内蒙古自治区正蓝旗上都电厂SO2实测数据为验证数据,在模型其他输入参数不变的情况下,利用试验站10min和1h地面气象数据,并分别以低云量和总云量代替蔽光云量,设置4种情景.其中,情景一使用试验站10min地面气象数据,并用低云量代替蔽光云量.与情景一相比,情景二使用总云量代替蔽光云量,情景三使用1h地面气象数据,情景四使用试验站1h地面气象数据,并用总云量代替蔽光云量.4种情景除了上述不同点,其他地面气象参数均相同.结果表明,在4种情景中,情景二、三、四的FB值均小于情景一,更靠近0.关于RHCR值,情景三和四更靠近于1,分别为1.33和1.41,表明在预测高端值时,情景三和四的效果更好.情景二的RHCR值为1.51,大于情景三,说明风相较于云对模型模拟结果影响更大.由FB值、RHCR值以及Q—Q图的综合分析得出,情景四的模拟值更接近实际监测值,其采用的地面气象数据全面符合本研究所推荐的数据标准化应用方法, 规范了模型数据标准化应用,提升了大气环境影响评价预测精度.     

基于云模型的灭火救援作战方案优选方法研究

为了解决灭火救援作战方案优选中存在的模糊性和随机性问题,提出基于云模型的优选方法。首先,根据消防部队灭火救援作战的目标和特点,确定作战方案优选指标集;其次,通过专家咨询建立优选指标的权重云,采用指标近似法确定优选指标的评价云;最后,依据云的算数运算规则对各灭火救援作战方案进行评价,从而确定最佳方案。实例表明:该方法实现作战方案优选中定性语言和定量评价之间的转化,优选结果客观可行、符合人的思维方式,便于灭火救援指挥人员进行决策指挥。     

圆柱形无约束气云爆炸高温效应研究

为了分析无约束可燃气云爆炸产生的高温伤害效应,建立了相应的数学模型,利用有限体积的离散方法,对无约束空间内甲烷浓度10％、高径比为1的圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的瞬态温度场进行了数值研究。研究结果表明,圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的温度场呈不对称性分布,靠近地面处足最危险区域,高温可能达到的最大怪直高度和最大水平距离分别约为圆柱体高的2倍和半径的3．2倍。对数值模拟结果的数据进行多项式拟合,得到了圆柱形可燃气云爆炸场最高温度随水平距离、初温及参与爆炸气云质量的函数关系式,给可燃气云爆炸灾害的预测及防护提供了科学依据。     

基于云化物元耦合模型的岩质高边坡工程爆破施工安全风险评估

针对岩质高边坡工程爆破施工安全风险评估过程中存在模糊性与随机性的特点,提出采用云模型改进传统物元理论,采用物元法和云模型相耦合的评估模型来处理评估中的不确定性问题.该云化物元耦合模型方法采用云模型的数字特征值代替物元基本元中的特征量值,通过云模型的相关算法来计算风险评估指标的云关联度;同时,采用基于改进CRITIC的客...     

Industrial system for mitigation of vapor cloud explosions

The oil industry operates installations and processes with important quantities of flammable substances within a wide range of pressures and temperatures. A particular hazard for this type of installations is an accidental release of a large quantity of flammable material resulting in a devastating vapor cloud explosion.Extensive research was conducted to assess the efficiency of chemicals for inhibition of flames. Especially alkali metal compounds (especially carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium) have shown to be one of the more efficient flame inhibitor species.In this paper, the principles of flame inhibition by alkali metal compounds are briefly explained. Based on these principles, a practical implementation of an industrial system for chemical inhibition of vapor cloud explosions is discussed. This implementation is based on the use of dry powders of carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium as flame inhibitor species.The efficiency of the final design of the inhibition system was tested and confirmed on a very large scale in Vapor Cloud Explosion tests in California (US) in September 2016. Several projects in TOTAL were identified in which the VCE inhibition technology is implemented (new cracker units in Daesan (South-Korea) and in Port Arthur (United States)).     

Applications of dust explosion hazard and disaster prevention technology

Powdered materials are widely used in industrial processes, chemical processing, and nanoscience. Because most flammable powders and chemicals are not pure substances, their flammability and self-heating characteristics cannot be accurately identified using safety data sheets. Therefore, site staff can easily underestimate the risks they pose. Flammable dust accidents are frequent and force industrial process managers to pay attention to the characteristics of flammable powders and create inherently safer designs.This study verified that although the flammable powders used by petrochemical plants have been tested, some powders have different minimum ignition energies (MIEs) before and after drying, whereas some of the powders are released of flammable gases. These hazard characteristics are usually neglected, leading to the neglect of preventive parameters for fires and explosions, such as dust particle size specified by NFPA-654, MIE, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer, and limiting oxygen concentration. Unless these parameters are fully integrated into process hazard analysis and process safety management, the risks cannot be fully identified, and the reliability of process hazard analysis cannot be improved to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. Preventing the underestimation of process risk severity due to the fire and explosion parameters of unknown flammable dusts and overestimation of existing safety measures is crucial for effective accident prevention.     

Impact of Cloud on Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange of Alpine Meadow in Tibetan Plateau

Meteorological elements and CO2 fluxes over alpine meadow ecosystem were observed continuously from 2004 to 2005in Damxung Alpine Meadow Flux Station,China Flux Network.Based on the eddy covariance CO2 fluxes and meteorological data obtained,the relationships among the CO2 fluxes,the cloud amount,and the meteorological factors in alpine meadow ecosystem were explored and analyzed.Some conclusions can be drawn from the discussion with previous researches as following:(1)the cloud amount can affect the net ecosystem CO2 exchange(NEE)of alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau;(2)the soil temperature sensitive to the cloud amount,is a major environmental controlling factor for NEE,and closely relates to the maximum of NEE.In the morning period with large cloud amount,the NEE reaches its maximum when the clearness index ranges from 0.5 to 0.7; yet in the afternoon it comes to the maximum with the index from 0.2 to 0.35.The span of soil temperature covers from 12 to 15℃ as the NEE at its highest;(3)the scatterplots between NEE and photosynthetic available radiation(PAR)was a significant inverse triangle in the clear day,two different kinds of concave curves in the cloudy day,and strongly convergent rectangular hyperbola in the overcast day.These differences were controlled by the changes of light radiation and soil temperature.     

一次雷暴天气发生发展的水汽图和红外云图特征分析

通过MTSAT的水汽图和红外云图,结合天气图、NCEP资料、地闪实况资料和探空数据对在高空急流影响下的暗区雷暴实例进行了对比分析。结果表明:暗区雷暴在卫星云图上表现为经过白天太阳辐射对晴空区(水汽图暗区)近地面的加热作用,大气不稳定能量增加,在一定条件下,午后强雷暴时常发生发展于高空急流左侧的晴空区中;而在水汽图上,高空急流与水汽图上的干区、湿区间有明显的联系,而这些联系又与强雷暴的发生发展有密切的关系,是雷暴发生发展的重要条件;在雷暴云发展过程中,地闪时空分布在卫星云图上有着明显的对应。