地面气象观测资料在空气法规模型的标准化研究

以云量、风速、风向、温度3类地面气象观测数据的获取方法为研究对象,探讨如何规范地面气象观测数据在模型中的标准化应用.结合我国2008年颁布的《环境影响评价技术导则 大气环境》推荐的模型AERMOD对所需要的地面气象数据需求,并以内蒙古自治区正蓝旗上都电厂SO2实测数据为验证数据,在模型其他输入参数不变的情况下,利用试验站10min和1h地面气象数据,并分别以低云量和总云量代替蔽光云量,设置4种情景.其中,情景一使用试验站10min地面气象数据,并用低云量代替蔽光云量.与情景一相比,情景二使用总云量代替蔽光云量,情景三使用1h地面气象数据,情景四使用试验站1h地面气象数据,并用总云量代替蔽光云量.4种情景除了上述不同点,其他地面气象参数均相同.结果表明,在4种情景中,情景二、三、四的FB值均小于情景一,更靠近0.关于RHCR值,情景三和四更靠近于1,分别为1.33和1.41,表明在预测高端值时,情景三和四的效果更好.情景二的RHCR值为1.51,大于情景三,说明风相较于云对模型模拟结果影响更大.由FB值、RHCR值以及Q—Q图的综合分析得出,情景四的模拟值更接近实际监测值,其采用的地面气象数据全面符合本研究所推荐的数据标准化应用方法, 规范了模型数据标准化应用,提升了大气环境影响评价预测精度.     

湿法脱硫用大流量低背压喷嘴开发

在石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫吸收塔中,喷嘴性能直接影响到脱硫效率和运行成本。针对目前国产脱硫喷嘴能耗高的问题,基于质量及能量守恒方程,推导了螺旋喷嘴计算公式,并结合螺旋面设计方法开发出大流量低背压喷嘴。开发出的喷嘴运行压力小,可降低运行电耗;同时,可减少塔内布置的喷嘴数量,减少投资成本。     

循环流化床排烟脱硫模型

以微元分析为基础并建立数据模型,分析了床内气、液相温度的变化对液滴 蒸发和对就内传热质过程的影响以及床内气、液相温度沿床高的变化趋势,并且模拟了排烟循环流化床脱硫过程,对钙硫摩尔比Ｃａ／Ｓ,入口烟气温度Ｔｇ,雾化半径ｒ０等参数对脱硫率的影响进行了分析。并与实验结果进行了比较,在下硫比等于１．４,床内温度接近露点温度的情况下,脱硫效率可以达到９６％以上,计算结果与实验结果符合很好。     

细雾水与火焰的相互作用

本文分析了细雾水滴与浮升火焰羽流的相互作用,推导出雾滴在火场下降过程中的运动方程,、汽化速率方程和热量衡算方程。采用龙格－库塔差分方法,数值求解所得到的有关方程。     

百叶式风窗流场分布及局部阻力特征研究

为确定百叶式风窗的流场分布特征,叶片角度和有效过风面积与局部阻力系数的关系,采用CFD数值模拟的方法,对叶片开启不同角度下,风窗局部流场特征进行三维仿真研究.研究结果表明:叶片开启45°后导致局部阻力突变和风流重新分配;主流风速在风窗入口逐渐形成,随距底板高度的增加,高风速区域面积不断增加,风速峰值随风流向风窗后方移动...     

基于云模型的灭火救援作战方案优选方法研究

为了解决灭火救援作战方案优选中存在的模糊性和随机性问题,提出基于云模型的优选方法。首先,根据消防部队灭火救援作战的目标和特点,确定作战方案优选指标集;其次,通过专家咨询建立优选指标的权重云,采用指标近似法确定优选指标的评价云;最后,依据云的算数运算规则对各灭火救援作战方案进行评价,从而确定最佳方案。实例表明:该方法实现作战方案优选中定性语言和定量评价之间的转化,优选结果客观可行、符合人的思维方式,便于灭火救援指挥人员进行决策指挥。     

圆柱形无约束气云爆炸高温效应研究

为了分析无约束可燃气云爆炸产生的高温伤害效应,建立了相应的数学模型,利用有限体积的离散方法,对无约束空间内甲烷浓度10％、高径比为1的圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的瞬态温度场进行了数值研究。研究结果表明,圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的温度场呈不对称性分布,靠近地面处足最危险区域,高温可能达到的最大怪直高度和最大水平距离分别约为圆柱体高的2倍和半径的3．2倍。对数值模拟结果的数据进行多项式拟合,得到了圆柱形可燃气云爆炸场最高温度随水平距离、初温及参与爆炸气云质量的函数关系式,给可燃气云爆炸灾害的预测及防护提供了科学依据。     

基于云化物元耦合模型的岩质高边坡工程爆破施工安全风险评估

针对岩质高边坡工程爆破施工安全风险评估过程中存在模糊性与随机性的特点,提出采用云模型改进传统物元理论,采用物元法和云模型相耦合的评估模型来处理评估中的不确定性问题.该云化物元耦合模型方法采用云模型的数字特征值代替物元基本元中的特征量值,通过云模型的相关算法来计算风险评估指标的云关联度;同时,采用基于改进CRITIC的客...     

Industrial system for mitigation of vapor cloud explosions

The oil industry operates installations and processes with important quantities of flammable substances within a wide range of pressures and temperatures. A particular hazard for this type of installations is an accidental release of a large quantity of flammable material resulting in a devastating vapor cloud explosion.Extensive research was conducted to assess the efficiency of chemicals for inhibition of flames. Especially alkali metal compounds (especially carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium) have shown to be one of the more efficient flame inhibitor species.In this paper, the principles of flame inhibition by alkali metal compounds are briefly explained. Based on these principles, a practical implementation of an industrial system for chemical inhibition of vapor cloud explosions is discussed. This implementation is based on the use of dry powders of carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium as flame inhibitor species.The efficiency of the final design of the inhibition system was tested and confirmed on a very large scale in Vapor Cloud Explosion tests in California (US) in September 2016. Several projects in TOTAL were identified in which the VCE inhibition technology is implemented (new cracker units in Daesan (South-Korea) and in Port Arthur (United States)).     

Applications of dust explosion hazard and disaster prevention technology

Powdered materials are widely used in industrial processes, chemical processing, and nanoscience. Because most flammable powders and chemicals are not pure substances, their flammability and self-heating characteristics cannot be accurately identified using safety data sheets. Therefore, site staff can easily underestimate the risks they pose. Flammable dust accidents are frequent and force industrial process managers to pay attention to the characteristics of flammable powders and create inherently safer designs.This study verified that although the flammable powders used by petrochemical plants have been tested, some powders have different minimum ignition energies (MIEs) before and after drying, whereas some of the powders are released of flammable gases. These hazard characteristics are usually neglected, leading to the neglect of preventive parameters for fires and explosions, such as dust particle size specified by NFPA-654, MIE, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer, and limiting oxygen concentration. Unless these parameters are fully integrated into process hazard analysis and process safety management, the risks cannot be fully identified, and the reliability of process hazard analysis cannot be improved to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. Preventing the underestimation of process risk severity due to the fire and explosion parameters of unknown flammable dusts and overestimation of existing safety measures is crucial for effective accident prevention.