Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.     

放射性核素在饱和浙江红粘土中的迁移

用分层土柱法研究放射性核素在浙江红粘土介质中的迁移规律.通过为期28d的饱和土柱动态吸附-解吸实验,测定了¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁵Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁵⁵Eu和²³⁷Np 6种放射性核素在浙江红粘土样品中的垂直剖面浓度分布及其迁移速度.为便于根据实际场址的入渗水通量确定这些核素的滞留因子,进行了氚弥散实验,测定了土壤有效孔隙率和土壤中水运移速度.根据土柱装填密度、有效孔隙率和土壤中水运移速度,计算出上述核素在红粘土中的吸附分配系数和滞留因子.结果表明:浙江红粘土对¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁵Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁵⁵Eu和²³⁷Np 6种核素均有较大的吸附分配系数和滞留因子;对¹³⁷Cs的吸附分配系数和滞留因子分别为2388ml·g^-1和7732,对⁸⁵Sr的吸附分配系数和滞留因子分别为1432ml·g^-1和4645.     

华北地区沙尘气溶胶对云辐射强迫的影响

采用CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 2B/2C和CALIPSO卫星探测资料结合地面台站沙尘观测资料,通过对强沙尘天气过程中纯云区与沙尘云区大气层顶处辐射强迫值的对比分析,研究了我国华北地区沙尘气溶胶对云辐射强迫的影响.研究发现, 2006年4月16日、5月16日、2007年3月30日3次过程沙尘云区大气层顶云的净辐射强迫绝对值比纯云区分别减小了7.1%,17.2%和3.1%,云的冷却效应受到不同程度抑制.纯云区与沙尘云区云的光学特性参量的对比分析结果表明,绝大部分沙尘云区的云粒径、云水路径和光学厚度值均比纯云区的要小.     

天山低层云水资源中冰粒子物理属性年际变化

采用2003 年1 月至2012 年12 月美国宇航局NASA 发布的CERES SSF Aqua MODISEdition 1B、2B和3A云资料,从冰水柱含量、云等效温度、云等效高度以及冰粒子等效直径4 个云物理宏微观属性考察天山低层云水资源年际变化特征.结果表明:冰水柱含量均值在32.7~92.0 g/m²之间,云等效温度均值在214.9~257.3 K之间,云等效高度均值在3.9~5.7 km之间,冰粒子等效直径均值在12.7~22.4 μm之间.冰水柱含量、云等效高度、云等效温度均呈降低的年际变化特征,冰粒子等效直径呈增加的年际变化特征.     

原式电除尘器的特性及优势

介绍了原式电收尘器的特点，提出原式电收尘器较板式电收尘器不仅有很强的适应性，收尘效率高，而且适用场合广泛，制造工艺简单，运行成本低，有一定的推广使用价值。     

基于无人机摄影测量的尾矿坝边坡表面变形监测

为弥补传统基于GPS/GNSS的单点监测方式无法反映尾矿坝整体变形的局限性,提出1种结合坝坡现有位移监测系统的无人机尾矿坝边坡表面变形监测方法.利用单镜头轻小型多旋翼无人机和计算机视觉技术对尾矿坝的空间三维地理信息进行数据采集与重建;基于设置在坝坡表面的位移人工监测点(水泥桩)对多期尾矿坝点云数据进行配准;通过对不同时...     

中试清水池水力条件对氯消毒效率的影响

以枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢为目标微生物,以紫外线消毒后的炭滤池出水为进水,在中试清水池模型中模拟氯消毒过程,通过改变清水池导流板数目获得不同的水力条件,研究清水池水力条件对氯消毒效率的影响.结果表明,在本试验中,不同水力条件下以Ct10值计算的NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数之间相互一致,而不同水力条件下以CT值计算的NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数之间相差很大,表明Ct10是评价清水池消毒效率的合理指标;在Ct10=(100~300)mg.min/L的范围内,NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数为0.0016 L/(mg.min),与其他研究者的结果具有很好的一致性;清水池水力条件的改善可以提高消毒效率,在CT=(100~700)mg.min/L的范围内,当CT值固定时,随着清水池内导流板数增多,水力条件得到改善,t10增加,目标菌种的灭活率显著提高.     

Two alternative modes for di use pollution control in Wuhan City Zoo

Pollution in urban zoos arises from diffuse and small point sources. However, its control has received little attention in past decades. Online and ofttine modes of ecological engineering technology were designed to control pollution from small point and diffuse sources in Wuhan City Zoo, China. Their characteristics and performances were investigated in sixteen runoff events from 2003 to 2005. The results showed that the two modes both improved runoff water quality and had high retention rates for water and pollutants. In the outflows, the event mean concentrations （EMCs） of total suspended solids （TSS）, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were reduced by 88%, 59%, 46% and 71% for the online mode, and those were 77%, 42%, 50% and 66% for the ofttine mode. The annual retention rates of pollutant loads for the online mode were 94.9%-98.5% in the three study years; those for the ofitine mode were 70.5%-86.4%. Based on calculation, the online mode was able to store the runoff of 66.7 mm rainfall completely, and the ofttine mode could store that of 31.3 mm rainfall. In addition, the online mode can provide an effective way for rainwater utilization and good habitats for aquatic wildlives, and has an excellent aesthetics value for recreationsal pastimes. The ofiline mode can save land resources and may be an effective and economical measure for diffuse pollution control in urban areas.     

庐山春季降水化学的研究

对庐山春季降水的化学组成进行了研究。庐山大气中SO₂、NO_X、NH₃、HNO₃浓度较低;降水酸化严重,所采样品的pH值全部小于5.6,最小pH值为3.71,平均pH值为4.26,降水中主要酸性物质是硫酸,而硝酸则占次要地位;云雾水组成高于降水,且酸度强于降水;对不同相态降水的比较表明,固相降水组成比雨水高2～6倍,但Ph值比雨水高0.6倍。根据研究结果推测,降水酸化是局地大气污染物的清除与酸性物质长距离输送共同作用的结果。     

微波消解/ICP-AES法测定土壤中的环境有效态金属元素

传统的土壤样品消解技术手续繁琐、费时,成为整个分析过程的薄弱环节;微波消解很好地解决了这一问题。采用微波消解技术处理土壤样品,以ICP-AES法测定Ag、As、Ba.Be、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Zn,Al、Co 14种环境有效态金属元素。选择了HNO_3-HCL-H_20_2消解体系,确定了最佳微波消解功率和时间。方法精密度以相对标准偏差表示为1.20％～6.13％,准确度以回收率表示为79.6％～97.4％,与传统的酸解法处理样品相比较,相对误差在±120％以下,结果基本一致。微波消解处理土壤样品比传统的酸解法节省了约10倍的时间,具有快速、高效、清洁、用量少、背景值小等优点。