CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIORS IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Environmental response to acidic deposition results from movement of water through the ecosystem. As a part of the environmental studies for acidic deposition sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), hydrologic classification based on regional baseflow properties was done. To obtain the amount of baseflow, a flow separation method was developed based on the division of streamflows into “baseflow” and “other” runoff sources. Because of the differences in the flow paths and exposure duration, the two components were assumed to be associated with distinct geo-chemical responses. Individual annual hydrographs were analyzed using 31 separation slopes to determine the amount of baseflow. A total of 1575 streamflow stations in the Northeastern U.S. were analyzed through the access of a long-term daily stream-flow data base. An interactive computer program was developed to obtain baseflow properties and other hydrologic characteristics of each station. The output from this analysis was used to perform cluster analysis to classify streamflow behaviors. The clustering output showed different regional boundaries than those currently used by the EPA for water quality studies.     

Integrated environmental index for application in land-use zoning

This paper describes the development of an integrated environmental index that may serve as a representation of the general environmental quality at a certain location. This index is meant to be used by local administrators to strike a balance between the development of industrial activities and the protection of sensitive land-uses (housing). The approach used to arrive at this index, based on health considerations, is described, detailing the different steps in the construction of the index: identification, assessment, summation, valuation and aggregation. The index combines environmental quality information concerning noise, odor, air pollution, and risk of industrial calamities. The resulting integrated environmental index is illustrated using data of a pilot project.     

基于SPSS聚类分析的企业职业伤害风险分级标准研究

对不同行业和不同规模的221家企业基础数据的调研分析，借助sPSS的聚类分析功能，对企业职业伤害风险分级进行研究，通过综合分析认为将企业职业伤害风险分为4类较为合理，并给出了企业职业伤害风险分级建议标准。根据该标准对在广西壮族自治区A市和辽宁省B市调研获取的661家企业职业伤害风险进行分级分析，从而验证分级标准的合理性和可行性。     

Dive Operator Use Patterns in the Designated No-Take Zones of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS)

/ The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), created by Congress in 1990, addressed the issue of resource protection partly by proposing 26 "no-take" zones. These areas, discussed in the 1995 Draft Management Plan, disallowed all extractive activities, and four of the zones also prohibited diving and snorkeling. Furthermore, the Draft Management Plan considered recreational carrying capacity, proposing that use densities be studied and eventually limited in high-use and sensitive areas. Conducted with 62 commercial dive operators from the Florida Keys in 1995-96, this study uses geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the extent of FKNMS zone use by dive operators, assess the regional importance of FKNMS zones to operators, and compare management strategies by which to allow use while minimizing impacts to the coral reef resource. Dive operators took almost 70% of their total trips and 77% of their total divers to FKNMS zones in 1995. Although zone use is generally related to the proximity of dive locations, dive operators do rely disproportionately on single sites in certain regions. The resulting profiles demonstrate that management strategies need to consider disproportionate use, as well as the average number of users per trip, to effectively protect the region's environmental resources. In addition to implementing a carrying capacity plan, the FKNMS should consider a limited-entry system for dive operators.     

浅析近岸海域环境功能与发展规划的矛盾

从环境功能与发展规划、短期与长期矛盾、开发与保护并进等方面分析了近岸海域环境功能区划调整的必要性,为环境管理提供参考。     

基于风险系统理论的区域环境风险优化管理

文章依据风险系统理论,构建区域环境风险区划的层次结构模型与指标体系,提出区域环境风险综合指数由风险源危险性指数、控制机制有效性指数、受体易损性指数组成。通过区域环境风险定量分析,依据区域环境风险综合指数数值,确定风险管理的优先地区及环节。同时对常州市新北区进行了实例分析,将春江镇确定为优先风险管理区域,明确了该镇进行风险管理的优先环节,并基于量化的风险分析提出风险管理优化的建议。     

湿地水环境质量评价方法研究与治理措施

通过对目前水环境质量评价中使用的几种方法进行简要介绍和分析,并以扎龙湿地水环境质量评价为例,对灰色聚类法,模糊综合评价法和人工神经网络分析法进行比较。结果表明,灰色聚类法评价出的结果分辩率更高,评价结果更准确,有更高的可信性,更符合实际。通过扎龙湿地水环境质量评价的数据结果,可以看出扎龙湿地水质基本属于中度污染,各监测点间以哈塔桥污染最为严重,应采取保证湿地需水量,控制污染以及合理利用湿地资源等一系列的措施来恢复和治理。     

红外光谱技术结合聚类分析用于海洋绿藻分类研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱研究了10种南极绿藻和6种浒苔,结果显示,傅里叶变换红外光谱主要由蛋白质、脂类化合物及多糖的振动吸收带组成。通过比较两类绿藻原始谱图,发现它们极为相似,在2000～500 cm-1范围内,即多糖吸收区有较小的差别。选取2000～500 cm-1范围的一阶导数进行系统聚类分析。10种南极绿藻、6种浒苔按其红外一阶导数的内在数理统计规律划归两类,南极绿藻为一类,浒苔为一类。傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合化学统计学方法,为海洋藻类的分类研究提供一种新的方法。     

基于北京市6类污染物的环境空气质量评价方法

根据北京城6区2013年停暖前、后的空气质量自动监测结果,以各污染物质量浓度限值标准为依据,构建包含6类空气污染指标的评价体系.分别运用空气质量指数法和改进的灰色聚类法对空气质量进行评价,并通过详细评价步骤分析对比两种方法的异同.其中,空气质量指数法将6类污染指标中分指数最大的指标确定为空气质量指数,并通过分级来评判空气质量对人体健康的影响;改进的灰色聚类法则通过构建指数型白化函数来提高不确定因素的计算精度,并研究各污染物在不同灰类之间的变化幅度和隶属度.结果表明,空气质量指数法适用于直观判定空气质量对人体健康的影响,改进的灰色聚类法则适用于评价各污染指标对空气质量级别的贴近程度.研究表明,对两种方法,需根据空气质量评价的目的和实践要求,从不同角度出发并结合使用,以得出比较全面、客观的结果.     

证据权法在滑坡易发性分区中的应用——以贵州桐梓河流域为例

应用证据权法对研究区进行滑坡易发性分区。主要数据源有:历史滑坡灾害点编录数据、地质图、地形图、数字高程模型。首先对数据源进行处理,生成地层岩性、离断层距离、高程、坡度、坡向、离道路距离、离河流距离7个证据图层。应用Arc GIS平台,将各证据图层与滑坡灾害点图层进行叠加分析,利用累积权重法对连续数据进行分级,然后求取对连续数据及分类数据因子等级对滑坡灾害贡献的权重值,然后对各证据图层两两进行条件独立性检验,选择4组证据图层组合,参与最终易发性指数计算,得到4幅易发性结果图。应用成功率曲线法对计算结果进行验证,表明由因子组合1得出的计算结果,为最优的因子组合。根据易发性指数将研究区分为高易发性、中等易发性、低易发性三类,并将分区图与历史灾害点进行叠加分析,结果表明评价结果与灾害点分布较为吻合,说明证据权法应用与滑坡灾害易发性分区的可行性。