岩溶地表河旱季有色溶解有机质组成及来源:以金佛山碧潭河为例

岩溶水体中的有机碳汇是岩溶碳汇的重要组成部分,为探明地处亚热带的岩溶地表河——碧潭河水体CDOM的组成及来源,于2017年1~3月开展从上游至下游9个点位的调查,利用三维荧光光谱结合紫外-可见吸收光谱以及常规水化学指标,分析碧潭河CDOM组成和来源及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)碧潭河水体中HCO_3~-的质量分数70%、Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)的质量分数80%,为主要阴阳离子,水化学性质主要受岩石风化作用的影响;(2)水体CDOM在旱季主要由类腐殖酸(C1)、类富里酸(C2)和类酪氨酸(C3)组成,FI、BIX、HIX以及β:α的平均值分别为2.06、0.87、4.35和0.69,较高的FI、BIX、β∶α以及较低的HIX显示碧潭河水体CDOM在旱季整体而言具有较强的自生源特征;(3)水体中DIC质量浓度与C2、C3荧光强度得分的相关性系数分别为0.515(P0.05)和0.644(P0.01),表明水生生物光合作用固定DIC对水体中CDOM的形成起到重要作用,该过程是对岩石风化碳汇的转换和稳定.     

黄河兰州段水体中有色溶解性有机质组成、空间分布特征及来源分析

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、激发发射矩阵荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),分析黄河兰州段水体有色溶解有机质(CDOM)的组成、空间分布以及来源.结果表明,黄河兰州段水体CDOM可能是由芳香性结构的小分子组成,解析出的4个组分中,类蛋白质(1个组分)含量最多,占总荧光强度的51.06%,类腐殖质(2个组分)次之,占36.74%,非类腐殖质(1个组分)最少,占12.20%,类蛋白质组分和类腐殖质组分来源不同.CDOM属于"类蛋白质-类腐殖质"复合主导型,以生物来源的类蛋白质为主.从上游到下游河段,CDOM的空间分布格局大体有一个先降低再升高再降低的过程,其趋势主要受到类蛋白质含量变化的影响.类蛋白质的含量受到了居民/商业污水排放、河岸及水上餐饮、娱乐设施、船舶运输以及少量工业企业废水排放等各种高强度人为活动干扰.黄河流经兰州市受到了一定的内源污染,建议对黄河兰州段水体进行内源污染的控制.     

强化混凝消除水中全氟化合物

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）有机改性膨润土作为助凝剂,采用聚合氯化铝（PAC）协同CTAB-膨润土进行强化混凝实验,对消除水中两类典型的全氟化合物全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）/全氟辛酸（PFOA）和浊度进行研究.考察了PAC和CTAB-膨润土投加量、pH值、原水浊度对PFOS/PFOA和浊度去除的影响.结果表明,经有机改性,实现了CTAB对膨润土的插层,增大了层间距,比表面积、阳离子交换容量、有机碳含量也得到较大提高.在PAC投加量为20mg/L、CTAB-膨润土投加量为30mg、pH6~7时,强化混凝去除效果分别达到76%、70%,PFOS/PFOA去除率随着CTAB-膨润土投加量的增大而增大.最佳pH值范围是6~7,混凝过程中Zeta电位在pH值为6.0时达到最大,pH值为7.0时接近于零.PFOS/PFOA的去除率随着原水浊度的增大而增大.     

Using fluorescence surrogates to track algogenic dissolved organic matter (AOM) during growth and coagulation/flocculation processes of green algae

Tracking the variation of the algogenic organic matter (AOM) released during the proliferation of green algae and subsequent treatment processes is crucial for constructing and optimizing control strategies. In this study, the potential of the spectroscopic tool was fully explored as a surrogate of AOM upon the cultivation of green algae and subsequent coagulation/flocculation (C/F) treatment processes using ZrCl₄ and Al₂(SO₄)₃. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) identified the presence of three independent fluorescent components in AOM, including protein-like (C1), fulvic-like (C2) and humic-like components (C3). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) revealed that C1 in AOM was composed of large-sized proteins and aromatic amino acids. The individual components exhibited their unique characteristics with respect to the dynamic changes. C1 showed the highest correlation with AOM concentrations (R²?=?0.843) upon the C/F processes. C1 could also be suggested as an optical predictor for the formation of trihalomethanes upon the C/F processes. This study sheds a light for the potential application of the protein-like component (C1) as a practical surrogate to track the evolution of AOM in water treatment or wastewater reclamation systems involving Chlorella vulgaris green algae.     

新生态型聚硅酸铁锰处理染料废水的优化

为了提高混凝剂对染料废水的净化效率,本文利用硅酸钠、硫酸亚铁和高锰酸钾为原料合成了新型复配混凝剂聚硅酸铁锰(PSFM),分别以直接大红、分散蓝和活性黄染料废水为处理对象进行混凝模拟实验,研究了碱度和浊度等因素对PSFM混凝去除染料性能影响.结果表明,PSFM对直接大红和分散蓝染料废水具有较好的混凝净化效能,其色度和TOC去除率分别可达99.2%、95.4%和98.5%、93.8%,效果优于聚硅酸铁(PSF)、Al2(SO4)3和Fe Cl3等常规混凝剂,PSFM对活性黄染料废水色度和TOC去除率分别为56.3%和51.3%.浊度对PSFM混凝效能无明显影响.在碱度分别为50、0和75 mg·L~(-1)时,PSFM对直接大红、分散蓝和活性黄去除率分别达到最高.此外,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等高级表征手段对PSFM进行了表征,对混凝过程中的混合液和絮体分别进行Zeta电位和絮体粒径在线监测,探索得PSFM混凝主要机制为Fe+与Mn+水解产生的带正电的多核配合物和聚硅的桥联聚合,同时还包括新生态水合二氧化锰和羟基氧化铁的吸附助凝作用.     

高硒高镉区土地安全区划方法

湖北恩施地区土壤中硒资源非常丰富,但土壤中也存在一定程度的镉污染风险,为了科学地开发富硒资源,选择典型高硒高镉区恩施市沙地乡为研究对象,结合玉米镉硒吸收模型,提出土地安全区划方法.对比硒的健康效应对土地安全区划结果的影响发现,硒对镉的拮抗作用可以减少农耕区严格管控区面积,提高土地利用效率.结合研究区各类农作物中镉硒的含量特征,建议优先保护区及安全利用区大力发展富硒农产品,结构调整区种植玉米与茶叶.     

辽河水体中溶解有机质的光谱初步研究

文章分析了辽河流域水体中溶解有机质的吸收光谱,荧光特性及其主要来源。对比紫外可见吸收和散射2种模型,结果表明DOM对紫外可见光既有吸收也有散射。运用平行因子分析法(parallel factor analysis,PARAFAC),对三维荧光激发-发射矩阵(EEM)进行分析,发现3种荧光团,包括1种类蛋白荧光团和2种类腐殖质荧光团。荧光指数(FIX)为1.60～2.10,初步认为此时段辽河流域DOM的来源为多重来源,生物源比重较大。大多数SUVA_(254)在1.22～2.82L/(mg·m)之间,同文献报导的来自于土壤或者高等植物的DOM相比,值相对较小,DOM的芳构化程度较低,进一步表明DOM来源以生物源为主。     

Reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential in surface river water by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration

This research was aimed at investigating the reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） by in-line coagulation with 0.1 μm ceramic membrane filtration. The combination of ceramic membrane filtration with a coagulation process is an alternative technology which can be applied to enhance conventional coagulation processes in the field of water treatment and drinking water production. The Ping River water （high turbidity water） was selected as the raw surface water because it is currently the main raw water source for water supply production in the urban and rural areas of Chiang Mai Province. From the investigation, the results showed that the highest percent reductions of DOC, UV-254, and THMFP （47.6%, 71.0%, and 67.4%, respectively） were achieved from in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration at polyaluminum chloride dosage 40 mg/L. Resin adsorption techniques were employed to characterize the DOM in raw surface water and filtered water. The results showed that the use of a ceramic membrane with in-line coagulation was able to most efficiently reduce the hydrophobic fraction （HPOA） （68.5%）, which was then followed by the hydrophilic fraction （HPIA） （49.3%）. The greater mass DOC reduction of these two fractions provided the highest THMFP reductions （55.1% and 37.2%, respectively）. Furthermore, the in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was able to reduce the hydrophobic （HPOB） fraction which is characterized by high reactivity toward THM formation. The percent reduction of mass DOC and THMFP of HPOB by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was 45.9% and 48.0%, respectively.     

Sustainable water management for green infrastructure

正The water is the most important component in the ecosystems responsible for energy flow and mass transport.The water also plays an important role for human existence.However,the constructed infrastructures such as roads,buildings,railways,drainage systems,etc.give negative impacts to the ecosystem such as deteriorating the water quality and     

Fe/Zn-TMS体系吸收去除催化裂化干气中H2S的性能

本研究采用FeCl3·6H2O、ZnCl2和环丁砜(TMS)复配形成的Fe/Zn-TMS体系脱除催化裂化(FCC)干气中的H2S,并用30%H2O2氧化再生Fe/Zn-TMS体系.同时,研究了各活性成分比例、吸收液体积浓度、吸收液pH值等对脱硫效率的影响,以及H2O2用量、吸收富液pH值对Fe2+氧化率的影响.结果表明,n(FeCl3·6H2O)∶n(ZnCl2)∶n(TMS)为0.45∶0.55∶1,吸收液pH为0.75,体积浓度(W)为50%的条件下能长时间高效脱硫,最高脱硫率达99.9%;在n(Fe2+)∶n(H2O2)为2∶1,吸收富液pH为0.65的条件下,Fe2+氧化率达96.7%.体系可循环使用3次,且能耗低、操作简单.