Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

重污染天气下电力行业排放对京津冀地区PM2.5的贡献

利用CAMx(区域空气质量模型)中的PSAT(颗粒物源示踪技术),分析了重污染天气下分区域、分行业的污染物排放对京津冀地区PM_2.5的贡献,设计了分行业排放的环境影响效率系数(EESCR)计算方法,并对“电能替代”(以电力行业产能替代民用能源消耗)情景方案下的排放进行模拟分析. 结果表明:在重污染天气背景下,电力行业排放对京津冀地区ρ(PM_2.5)的贡献率较低,各地均低于10%,并且区域排放的贡献次序为京津冀以外地区>京津冀其他城市>当地,这与电力行业高架源排放的特征有关,而工业和民用行业对区域排放的贡献次序相反. PM_2.5主要组分和前体物的分行业EESCR计算结果表明,电力行业ESSCR值均在y=1/2x趋势线之下,远低于其他行业,因此优先控制其他行业排放才是改善京津冀地区空气质量的关键.电能替代的情景模拟结果表明,电能替代是有效降低京津冀地区ρ(PM_2.5)的可行方式. 研究显示,充分利用电力行业高架源排放的特点和便于集中处理的行业优势,尽力降低因产能增长带来的排放增量,实施电能替代可成为改善区域空气质量的有效途径之一.      

滇池水生植物分布对沉积物间隙水中不同形态氮的影响

为揭示水生植物分布对滇池沉积物间隙水中各形态氮质量浓度的影响,于2015年6月在滇池分别采集有植物区域和无植物区域的沉积物柱状样,检测间隙水及上覆水中DTN(溶解性总氮)、NH₄+-N、NO₃--N和DON(溶解性有机氮)的质量浓度,分析其垂向变化特征以及水生植物对间隙水中各形态氮的释放控制效果. 结果表明:①水生植物改变了柱状沉积物间隙水中不同形态氮的分布规律,并且这种改变随湖区不同而表现不尽一致;②水生植物显著降低了沉积物间隙水中DON的贡献率,有植物分布区域ρ(DON)对ρ(DTN)的平均贡献率为41.05%,无植物区域可达58.48%;③水生植物显著抑制了沉积物中无机氮的释放,促进了DON的转化,同一采样点有植物区域NH₄+-N和NO₃--N的沉积物-水界面扩散通量分别比无植物区域平均降低了87.52%和91.99%;④水生植物生长显著削减了沉积物间隙水中氮的质量浓度,其中ρ(DON)的削减率达到了53.27%~80.42%. 研究显示,水生植物根系作为微生物和多种活性酶的主要载体,为沉积物有机氮的矿化降解起到了促进作用.      

煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用:模型·实证

为研究煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用,基于系统动力学原理构建一般情况下煤炭开采对生态系统功能胁迫作用的系统动力学模型,分析不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征,并以淮河流域典型煤炭资源型城市——淮南市为例进行实证研究. 结果表明:煤炭开采对生态系统功能有胁迫作用,政府是重要影响因素;不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用不同,表现为情境一(理想状态)<情境二(良性状态)<情境三(一般状态)<情境四(停滞状态)<情境五(糟糕状态);生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值越大,则煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用越小. 实证结果通过有效性检验,表明该研究建立的系统动力学模型具有可靠性. 当前淮南市生态治理投资和煤炭开采技术投资的比值为0.511,表明淮南市生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于一般状态. 研究显示,政府在维持生态系统功能稳态中发挥着一定作用. 煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征:当生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值为0时,生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于糟糕状态;当比值为(0,1)时,处于一般状态;当比值为1时,处于良性状态;当比值大于1时,两大系统进入理想状态.      

粉煤灰-铝土矿改性制备铝铁复合混凝剂的除磷性能及混凝机理研究

化学混凝法是城市污水处理深度除磷的有效方法,目前常用混凝剂主要存在成本高、除磷效率低且用量大等缺点.本研究采用常压酸浸法,以低成本的铝土矿和粉煤灰为主要原料制备无机复合混凝剂,并对其进行除磷应用及机理研究,结果表明:1自制混凝剂对生活污水中TP去除率达99.58%,出水TP含量为0.012 mg·L-1,优于GB18918—2002一级A标准.2 X-射线衍射和红外光谱结果显示,混凝剂中的Fe—OH、Al—OH、H—OH等基团能与水中的磷酸根作用生成沉淀达到除磷目的,该沉淀在沉降过程中还能吸附不易沉淀的含磷悬浮物,发挥网捕卷扫作用.3采用Ferron逐时络合比色法分析铝铁形态结果显示,混凝剂含有64.14%低聚态铝铁,能中和水中胶体的表面电荷致使胶体脱稳;11.27%中聚态铝铁可吸附在胶体表面,降低其表面电荷,同时以较高的分子量发挥吸附架桥作用;24.59%高聚态铝铁在沉淀过程中可包夹部分胶体粒子,以较大表面积发挥卷扫作用.4分形维数研究结果显示,絮体分形维数在1.2~2.8之间,分形特征较好,能有效发挥絮体的吸附架桥作用.5 Zeta电位分析结果显示,混凝剂本身带正电荷,能与水中带负电荷的胶体物质发生中和,从而压缩双电子层,使胶体粒子脱稳而从水中去除.混凝剂除磷过程是压缩双电层、电中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫多种机制共同作用的动态变化过程.     

设计配置对生物滞留设施污染物去除性能的影响研究

生物滞留是一种常用的低影响开发技术,通过不同机理去除径流中的各种污染物。设施面积、消能池设置、表面覆盖物的合理设计可降低外界的不利影响;内部斜坡与多元结构可优化设施性能,介质层的改良填料和较长深度可提高污染物的去除效率;配置适宜植物可提高环境耐受能力与污染物去除效果,引入多样植物可提高设施生物多样性,有利于发挥动植物相互作用,提高设施的稳定性与整体性能。     

A Power Law Model for River Flow Velocity in Iowa Basins

This study explores power law relationships to estimate water flow velocity as a function of discharge and drainage area across river networks. We test the model using empirical data from 214 United States (U.S.) Geological Survey gauging stations distributed over the state of Iowa in the U.S. The empirical data are the measurements of the mean cross‐sectional velocity and concurrent discharge. The data are used to estimate parameters for a state‐wide model and to test for spatial variability for 15 large river basins contained within the state. Spatial differences among the basins are small but some parameters significantly differ from the state‐wide model. Using individual station data, the authors also explore a simpler power law model that disregards dependence on the drainage area. Overall, the study shows that including drainage area improves the model. Our study provides parameter values that can be directly incorporated into a regional scale routing model, and provides a framework for developing flow velocity models for hydraulically similar rivers in the U.S. and the world.     

植物微体遗存分析在第四纪环境研究中的应用:综述与展望

以孢粉、植硅体等为代表的植物微体遗存由于其分布广泛,容易保存,可反映母体植物类型的优点,在第四纪环境研究中得到了广泛应用。本文介绍了植物微体遗存的概念、常见类型,以及它们的提取方法和原理,综述了利用植物微体遗存重建古环境的传统方法和近年来发展的几种古植被与古气候定量重建方法,最后简述了植物微体遗存在年代测定、稳定同位素分析研究上的应用进展与实例。文末指出了现有研究方法的问题与不足,并对今后的多代用指标的综合研究提出了展望。     

Estimating emissions from crop residue open burning in China based on statistics and MODIS fire products

With the objective of reducing the large uncertainties in the estimations of emissions from crop residue open burning, an improved method for establishing emission inventories of crop residue open burning at a high spatial resolution of 0.25°× 0.25° and a temporal resolution of1 month was established based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) Thermal Anomalies/Fire Daily Level3 Global Product(MOD/MYD14A1). Agriculture mechanization ratios and regional crop-specific grain-to-straw ratios were introduced to improve the accuracy of related activity data. Locally observed emission factors were used to calculate the primary pollutant emissions. MODIS satellite data were modified by combining them with county-level agricultural statistical data, which reduced the influence of missing fire counts caused by their small size and cloud cover. The annual emissions of CO_2, CO, CH_4,nonmethane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs), N_2O, NO_x, NH_3, SO_2, fine particles(PM2.5),organic carbon(OC), and black carbon(BC) were 150.40, 6.70, 0.51, 0.88, 0.01, 0.13, 0.07, 0.43,1.09, 0.34, and 0.06 Tg, respectively, in 2012. Crop residue open burning emissions displayed typical seasonal and spatial variation. The highest emission regions were the Yellow-Huai River and Yangtse-Huai River areas, and the monthly emissions were highest in June(37%).Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of within ±126% for N_2O to a high of within ± 169% for NH_3.     

基于LCA的污水处理厂提标改造环境影响负荷研究

研究旨在评价污水处理厂提标改造工程前后的环境影响,并做出科学的管理决策。以呼和浩特市公主府污水处理厂为例,采用生命周期评价(LCA)的方法,定量研究了污水处理厂改造前后的环境影响负荷,识别和判断出环境影响负荷的变化量。结果表明:该污水处理厂经过改造之后的环境负荷大于改造之前,相比改造前增长约63.5%,其中水质和水体富营养化影响潜能明显减小,而不可再生资源消耗、全球变暖影响潜能的增加量较大,环境负荷增加的根本原因在于电耗的增加。最后根据评价结果提出针对污水处理厂提标改造工程的改善建议。