Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

Soot reduction by addition of dimethyl carbonate in normal and inverse ethylene diffusion flames: Nanostructural evidence

Oxygenated fuel represents an attractive alternative as an additive for reducing soot emissions.Dimethyl carbonate(DMC) is an oxygenated compound which is a good option to reduce soot,but the detailed characteristics of soot produced from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels blended with DMC are still lacking. The present research studied the nanostructure and reactivity of soot particles in ethylene/DMC normal and inverse diffusion flames. High resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)were used to analyze the nanostructure and reactivity of soot. It was found that DMC addition was effective in decreasing the average weights of soot formed in flames. The results of HRTEM images showed that soot particles obtained with DMC addition showed liquid-like material and tight bonding, and exhibited more highly disorganized layers, which give it higher reactivity than soot obtained without DMC addition. Furthermore, HRTEM was used to analyze soot fringe characteristics consisting of fringe tortuosity, fringe length, and fringe separation. XRD was used to crosscheck the results for fringe separation, and was consistent with HRTEM results. In addition, the mass loss curve of TGA experiments showed that DMC addition could enhance the reactivity of soot particles.     

Seasonal variation and chemical composition of particulate matter: A study by XPS, ICP-AES and sequential microanalysis using Raman with SEM/EDS

During the winter period (January–March 2016), the total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) were characterized by the application of various analytical techniques in four zones of the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey in Mexico. To evaluate the seasonal variation of some elements in the particulate matter, the results of this study were compared with those obtained during the summer season (July–September 2015). The speciation of the C_1s signal by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the contribution of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons as the main components in both seasons. Conversely, carboxylic groups associated with biogenic emissions were detected only in winter. The percentages of SO₄^2 ? ions were lower in winter, possibly caused by the decrease in the solar radiation, and relative humidity recorded. The results of the ICP analysis revealed that Fe, Zn and Cu were the most abundant metals in both TSP and PM_2.5 in the two seasons. There were significant seasonal variations for concentrations of As, Ni and Zn in the urban area and for Fe, As, Cd, Ni and Zn in the industrial zone. This was attributed to the greater burning of fuels as well as to an increase in vehicular traffic, the effect of thermal inversion and changes in some meteorological parameters. The results of the sequential microanalysis by Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDS allowed observation of deposits of carbonaceous material on the particles and to perform the speciation of particles rich in Fe and Pb, which helped infer their possible emission sources.     

立井揭煤前测定煤层瓦斯压力的方法与实践

为了解决复杂环境下立井揭煤前煤层瓦斯压力的可靠测定,基于揭煤井筒瓦斯地质特征、煤岩体物理力学性质,应用COMSOL软件模拟揭煤工作面在接近目标煤层时,井筒周围煤岩的地应力分布特征,直观展现了目标煤层中的应力分布结果。模拟结果表明,立井工作面距煤层的垂直距离为7 m时,煤层中会形成一个近似于环形的卸压圈,卸压半径为16 m,因此煤层瓦斯压力测试孔的终孔位置应布置在井筒中心线16 m以外的原始地应力区,以保证测压点瓦斯压力不受揭煤井筒卸压区的影响,令测压结果准确可靠,从而更好地预测煤与瓦斯突出区域的危险性。同时,结合立井揭煤工作面的水文地质特征和井筒严重淋水情况,自主研发并应用了瓦斯测压孔"两堵一注"封孔材料及特定的封孔工艺,进一步保障了封孔质量和瓦斯压力测试结果的可靠性。最后,依据测压结束时测压管内的实际水压情况,对测压结果进行修正,并依据实测瓦斯含量,采用间接法对所测得的瓦斯压力进行验证,实测值在反算得到的瓦斯压力值域内,表明此方法有效可行。     

煤层底板卸荷扰动断裂机制宏细观研究

基于断裂力学和重整化群理论,采用综合研究方法,从宏细观角度对开采扰动底板损伤岩层动态失稳机理进行了研究。结果表明,煤层回采后,底板岩层存在高应力束组成的主应力拱,最大主应力大小决定裂纹的起裂与扩展,裂纹的生长路径受控于最大主应力的方向。采场高支承压力引起岩层原始裂纹起裂,宏观上表现为底板岩层的预先剪切随机破坏;近场区域最大主应力场部分偏转,引起底板岩层中垂直应力显著降低、浅部水平应力急剧增加和斜向采空区方向产生高剪应力,迫使裂隙在原有扩展长度基础上进一步生长;工作面继续推进,采空区内底板岩层水平方向上压缩和竖向膨胀引起岩层拉破坏,当底板岩层损伤发展到临近损伤值时,极小范围的扰动被强烈放大,底板岩层由随机破坏转为"雪崩"式宏观断裂。     

基于FLAC3D的复合煤岩受载破裂数值模拟及试验研究

采用FLAC~(3D)对复合煤岩模型的单轴压缩破裂进行数值模拟及试验,研究复合煤岩受载破裂应力与应变关系变化规律。针对煤样厚度、复合煤岩组合比、煤层参数、顶底板岩性等参数,对复合煤岩模型进行加载仿真研究,仿真及试验结果表明:单一煤样模型随着高度的减小,应力应变曲线整体阶段存在尺寸效应;改变煤岩组合比例时,其抗压强度基本不变,随煤样比例增大,复合煤岩的整体弹性模量减小,整体刚度减小;单一改变复合煤岩的煤样参数时,随煤样弹性模量增大,复合煤岩的弹性模量越强,应力应变曲线峰值点越高,对应应变越小;单一改变顶底板岩性,对复合煤岩模型的应力应变曲线影响不大。试验结果和仿真结果变化趋势一致,表明所建模型具有一定正确性和适用性。     

乌东矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采顶板破断特征研究

为研究急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采顶板破断特征,基于急倾斜特厚煤层工作面顶板赋存条件并结合弹性力学,建立了急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采顶板力学模型。通过力学模型分析,推导出急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采后顶板沿工作面倾向方向的岩板破断判据及挠度公式,应用三角级数方法对挠度公式进行求解,确定了顶板沿倾向方向上最大挠度发生的位置关系式。理论研究成果在乌东矿南采区B1+2急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段综放开采中的工程应用表明,工作面沿倾向方向上推进到385 m时顶板发生破断,倾向方向顶板最大挠度坐标位置为y=325.78 m,顶板沿工作面倾向方向的最大挠度位于采空区中部偏下位置。表现为急倾斜特厚煤层顶板在工作面上方的非对称性破断;相似材料试验进一步验证了顶板挠度公式的合理性。     

2002-2014年我国煤矿重特大事故特征及发生规律研究

为了研究我国煤矿重特大事故的一般规律,分析了2002-2014年我国煤矿发生的421起重特大事故,得到我国煤矿重特大事故的基本特征.利用统计分析法从地域、类型、所有制3个维度综合分析了421起煤矿重特大事故.结果表明:山西、贵州、河南、黑龙江和湖南5个省份的重特大事故起数和死亡人数分别占全国总数的56.1％和56.8％,是我国需重点监管和治理的省份,并对山西、河南和黑龙江3省重特大事故频发的原因进行了分析;瓦斯事故和水害事故的发生起数及死亡人数占比分别为83.3％和86.3％,是需要重点防治的事故类型;国有重点煤矿重特大事故平均每起死亡人数为29.87,且近两年重特大事故起数和死亡人数均大幅度上升,是需要重点防范的对象;乡镇煤矿重特大事故起数及死亡人数下降速度均较快,但事故起数和死亡人数仍较多,是国家重点监控、治理的对象.     

基于眼动试验的煤矿禁止类安全标识位置有效性研究

安全标识作为一种安全管理手段已得到普遍应用,但在煤炭企业实际应用中并未完全发挥其应有作用。为了研究煤矿禁止类安全标识放置的有效性,首先,通过构建眼动试验平台进行试验,选取煤矿井下皮带运输、井口等图片作为模拟场景;其次,将场景中安全标识区域作为兴趣区域,采集不同被试的注视点个数、首次进入时间等数据;最后,运用SPSS 20.0软件和统计方法分析试验采集的数据。结果表明,安全标识有效的设置位置为编号(2)(上中)和编号(5)(正中)。     

皮带巷粉尘浓度分布规律及全自动气水调节雾化除尘系统

鉴于传统的输煤皮带巷雾化除尘系统不能根据煤流高度自动调节雾化程度,难以达到预期除尘效果,以同忻煤矿输煤皮带巷为研究对象,基于COMSOL Multiphysics建立了输煤皮带巷煤流扬尘模型,研究了输煤皮带巷煤流高度对粉尘运移、分布的影响,继而设计了基于超声波物位传感器等多种传感器和V形调节电动球阀联动的气水调节雾化除尘系统。结果表明:在巷道高度1.5 m以上,煤流厚度越大,同一位置处的粉尘质量浓度越大,且以呼吸性粉尘为主,同时,在巷道走向沿程上,从风流入口处至下风向30~40 m范围内,粉尘质量浓度快速增长,污染严重;全自动气水调节雾化除尘系统可使呼尘质量浓度最高下降93.57%,具有良好的可行性和应用推广性。