秦皇岛市海水入侵现状及防治对策研究

海水入侵是一种严重的地质灾害,它可引起机井报废、土壤盐渍化、地下管线腐蚀等一系列生态环境问题。秦皇岛市自20世纪80年代开始,在沿海的石河、汤河、洋河、戴河等入海口以及昌黎县、抚宁县灌区,先后发生了海水入侵现象,且有范围越来越广、程度越来越重的趋势,给当地工农业生产带来了巨大影响。通过分析秦皇岛市海水入侵的原因,提出修建沿海防护工程是治理海水入侵的有效措施,合理开采地下水、节约用水、进行污水和雨水资源化、海水淡化等减少淡水开采或补充地下淡水层是解决海水入侵的根本措施。     

Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goad for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong,China

Abstract

The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed—reduction of 83% of BOD load and 82% of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem-service-function aspect. It is recommended to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal, instead of water quality objective management, for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour catchment. Steps to further improve the marine coastal ecosystem health of Tolo harbour are discussed in the paper.     

Spatial-temporal analysis of wetland landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta

The influence of anthropogenic activities,especially artificial dykes,on the coastal wetland landscape is now considered as a serious problem to the coastal ecosystem.It is important and necessary to analyze changes of coastal landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes for the protection and management of coastal wetland.Our study aimed to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the coastal wetland landscape and its spatial-temporal dynamics under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta(YRD).It was analyzed by the methods of the statistical analysis of landscape structure,five selected landscape indices and the changes of spatial centroids of three typical wetland types,including reed marshes,tidal fiats and aquaculture-salt fields.The results showed that:(1)Reduction of wetland area,especially the degradation of natural wetlands,had been the principal problem since the dykes were constructed in the YRD.The dykes created conditions for the development of artificial wetlands.However,the new born artificial wetlands were still less than the vanished natural wetlands.(2)Compared with the open area,the building of artificial dykes significantly speeded up the changes of landscape patterns and the aggravation of the landscape fragmentation in the closed area.(3)The changes of area-weighted centroids of three typical wetland landscapes were greatly affected by dykes,and the movement of the centroid of the aquaculture-salt field was very sensitive to the dykes constructed in the corresponding period.     

不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属及酶活性的影响

改良物质添加在改善土壤理化性质的同时也可能会导致土壤重金属累积.实验设置了对照（CK）、有机肥（OM）、聚丙烯酰胺+有机肥（PAM+OM）、秸秆覆盖+有机肥（SM+OM）、秸秆深埋+有机肥（BS+OM）和生物菌肥+有机肥（BM+OM）共6个处理方式,研究不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属和土壤酶活性的影响,以及二者之间的关系.结果表明,与CK处理相比,不同处理下土壤Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb含量呈现上升趋势,其中SM+OM和PAM+OM处理分别对Cr和Cu含量的影响最为显著,而BM+OM处理对Ni和Pb含量影响最为显著.与CK处理相比,改良物质添加后土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著上升,其中BM+OM处理效果最好;碱性磷酸酶活性呈现上升趋势,但上升程度较小;过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化.冗余分析表明前两轴累积可解释酶活性变异特征的70.3%,单一重金属对土壤酶活性影响的重要性大小依次为：Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.     

反应性气体观测中标准气的误差问题及建议

通过制定严格的质量保证和质量控制措施,在实验室对不同的国产标准气与同一的具有NIST标准的进口标准气进行定量比对.结果发现,国内不同厂家生产及同一厂家生产不同批次的标准气,特别是SO2和NO标准气,其出厂浓度与比对后的浓度间存在较大的偏差.在所有比对结果中,有2/3的SO2标准气样品超过±5%的相对偏差,有1/3的SO...     

磁暴对沿海核电站变压器安全影响的研究

磁暴产生的地磁感应电流(GIC)直接损伤变压器和间接干扰继电保护等设备,强磁暴可能威胁到电网的安全运行。为探明磁暴对沿海核电站变压器的影响,对第23太阳周峰年强磁暴侵害广东岭澳核电站、江苏上河变电站的GIC测量数据,以及西北陕甘青宁750 kV电网计算数据进行统计分析,研究沿海核电站与内陆变电站变压器GIC大小及其差异原因。结果表明,由于受海岸效应现象的影响,沿海核电站的变压器更容易遭受磁暴的侵害。在此基础上,对极端磁暴的可能危害、灾害风险以及沿海核电站的磁暴灾害进行评估,并建议核电站选址和变压器选型时应评估磁暴的影响。     

中国东部沿海省市风暴潮经济损失风险区划

风暴潮是我国沿海省市面临的重大自然灾害之一,给这些地区造成了难以估量的损失。选取1989-2008年沿海11省、市、自治区风暴潮的历史数据作为研究样本,运用因子得分基础上的聚类分析和熵值评价等方法,对这些地区风暴潮灾害经济损失的风险进行了评估,最终按风暴潮灾害的经济损失程度将沿海省市划分为3个区域:即上海为第1区,表示风暴潮经济损失风险最小;海南、福建、浙江、广东4省为第3区,风险最大;其他省、市、自治区为第2区,表示经济损失风险居中。3个区域的灾害区划,为我们从更深层次上认识风暴潮的发生及是造成的损失情况提供了新的视角。     

清代江浙沿海台风影响时间特征重建及分析

根据清代-民国的历史文献,在判定台风现象记录的基础上,建立了1644-1911年苏、沪、浙沿海受台风影响的天数Td序列,显示研究区在此期间内年均有2d左右受台风影响;19世纪中期之后,台风影响时间有所延长,指征了该地台风活动趋于活跃的现象。小波分析显示1640-1690年代和1800-1830年代,Td变化分别存在4～8a和6～8a的准周期现象,但其他时段周期性规律很不显著。MTC与ATC之间缺乏年际和年代际的对应关系可能是导致本研究Td分布无明显规律的重要原因。台风影响陆地时间与全球冷暖变化并不完全对应,仅发现17世纪早期的增暖与Td值放大在时间上基本一致。     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

环渤海芦苇湿地磷的吸附容量及释放风险评估

滨海湿地地处陆海交汇的关键带,是磷的"汇"、"源"和"转化器",在全球磷循环过程中扮演着十分重要的角色,其对水体磷素的截留能力日益受到关注.本文以环渤海地区芦苇湿地沉积物为研究对象,利用批处理实验研究了湿地磷的吸附容量和释放风险.结果表明,湿地沉积物磷的最大吸附容量（Q_max）为693.7~2117.2 mg·kg^-1,平均值为1468.6 mg·kg^-1,Q_max的大小顺序为七里海湿地 > 北大港湿地 > 南大港湿地 > 辽河三角洲湿地 > 寿光滨海湿地 > 黄河三角洲湿地.环渤海湿地沉积物磷吸附主要受Ca、Mg和TOC含量的影响.环渤海湿地磷吸附饱和度（DPS）和释放风险指数（ERI）分别为0.28%~4.50%和0.53%~10.10%,结果表明除寿光滨海湿地磷释放风险为中度风险外,其它湿地磷释放风险较低.总之,环渤海地区芦苇湿地沉积物具有较强磷吸附能力,沉积物为水体磷的"汇",沉积物释磷风险较低.建议在环渤海污染治理过程中充分发挥滨海湿地对磷的净化拦截作用,以降低陆源污染对近海水环境的影响.