Decentralization,spatial disequilibrium,and restructuring of coastal tourist destination-Empirical research from Sanya,China

The objective of this article is to speculate on resort restructuring in the market-oriented reform process in China.Previous studies show that spatial disequilibrium was aggravated by decentralization,which leads to the difference in tourism policy and investment,public goods,and service;a profound analytical framework is much needed for further empirical studies.This article has reviewed the relevant studies on links between decentralization and restructuring,spatial influences of decentralization on tourism,based on which we put forward the theoretical framework of resort spatial restructuring from the view of political economy analysis,then we elaborate on and discuss it based on the example of Sanya,China.In short,the article suggests that decentralization of fiscal responsibilities and institutional power contributes to the spatial disequilibrium of tourism industrial structure,land use,public infrastructure and service facilities,and to community inequality.Interests of government,investors,and community should be comprehensively coordinated in the resort spatial restructuring process from three aspects:restructuring government,optimizing space structure,and tourism industry.Furthermore,we argue that resort restructuring in the context of Sanya requires coordination of various interest groups through four ways:restructure the government power under administrative division adjustment,optimizing spatial structure,expanding industrial space to diversified tourism products,and building resort management services organization.Finally,we discussed some policy requirements for resort sustainable development.     

Environmental fate of Ra in cation-exchange regeneration brine waste disposed to septic tanks, New Jersey Coastal Plain, USA: migration to the water table

Fate of radium (Ra) in liquid regeneration brine wastes from water softeners disposed to septic tanks in the New Jersey Coastal Plain was studied. Before treatment, combined Ra (²²⁶Ra plus ²²⁸Ra) concentrations (maximum, 1.54 Bq L⁻¹) exceeded the 0.185 Bq L⁻¹ Maximum Contaminant Level in 4 of 10 studied domestic-well waters (median pH, 4.90). At the water table downgradient from leachfields, combined Ra concentrations were low (commonly ≤0.019 Bq L⁻¹) when pH was >5.3, indicating sequestration; when pH was ≤5.3 (acidic), concentrations were elevated (maximum, 0.985 Bq L⁻¹ - greater than concentrations in corresponding discharged septic-tank effluents (maximum, 0.243 Bq L⁻¹)), indicating Ra mobilization from leachfield sediments. Confidence in quantification of Ra mass balance was reduced by study design limitations, including synoptic sampling of effluents and ground waters, and large uncertainties associated with analytical methods. The trend of Ra mobilization in acidic environments does match observations from regional water-quality assessments.     

中国沿海地区台风灾害损失评估研究

沿海地区作为人口积聚、国民经济和社会发展的重要区域和战略中心,在台风灾害中遭受的损失往往是惨重和致命的,所以亟待开展沿海地区台风灾害损失评估研究。根据1990-2007年的台风灾情资料,选取代表性指标尝试构建了台风灾情评估模型,并对沿海省市的台风灾害损失及其与致灾因子的关系进行分析评价。结果显示:除个别区域外,沿海地区台风灾害损失都呈下降趋势,但各区域下降的幅度不等,其中浙江省、江苏省和海南省下降幅度较低,均不足10%;浙江省、福建省和广东省18年间平均台风灾害损失较大;上海市以南各区域台风大风和暴雨的频次多、强度大,灾害损失大。     

江苏沿海的风暴潮灾害及其防御对策

资源丰富的海洋及海岸带为江苏沿海地区经济发展创造了有利的条件。然而由于这一地区岸段开敞、平直、坡度较缓,加之气候条件的双重作用而成为台风风暴潮灾害的频发地区,对沿海地区的经济发展和人们生命财产安全造成了严重威胁。本文分析了江苏沿海台风风暴潮灾害的主要成灾方式及其对沿海经济造成的影响,并就防灾减灾对策进行了探讨。     

福建闽南沿海养殖僧帽牡蛎中汞和砷的时空分布特征及风险评价

通过2009—2014年对福建闽南沿海的湄洲湾、大港湾、泉州湾、围头湾、厦门湾、佛昙湾、旧镇湾、东山湾、和诏安湾养殖的僧帽牡蛎中总汞和总砷含量的调查监测,对养殖僧帽牡蛎体中总汞和总砷含量的分布和食用风险进行探讨.结果表明,近6年9个湾海区养殖僧帽牡蛎体中总汞平均质量浓度（0.007—0.018 mg·kg-1）：湄洲湾 > 泉州湾 > 厦门湾 > 诏安湾 > 围头湾=旧镇湾=大港湾=东山湾 > 佛昙湾;总砷平均质量浓度（1.40—2.02 mg·kg-1）：泉州湾 > 厦门湾 > 大港湾 > 湄洲湾 > 诏安湾 > 东山湾 > 围头湾 > 旧镇湾 > 佛昙湾.湄洲湾、泉州湾、厦门湾大部分海水养殖僧帽牡蛎体中总汞和总砷含量明显高于其他海区养殖僧帽牡蛎.福建闽南沿海养殖僧帽牡蛎体未受到汞的污染,98.1%的样品受砷的污染.根据FAO/WHO/JECFA（联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的食品添加剂联合专家委员会）提出的PTWI（暂定每周耐受摄入量）汞为5 μg·kg-1 bw、无机砷为15 μg·kg-1 bw.食用闽南沿海僧帽牡蛎中汞的EWI（每周评估摄入量）值均远小于PTWI,仅占PTWI的1.1%—1.4%;无机砷的EWI值均小于PTMI,占PTWI的7.0%—11.3%,总体处于安全水平.     

中国沿海地区的自然灾害类型及综合区划

作者利用中国沿海地区近４０年或更长时期主导灾害的资料分析其时空特征，特别是空间分布规律。根据综合灾害灾次图的分析指出，中国沿海地区共有３个灾害多发中心，最后将中国沿海地区划分为６个灾害类型区     

Pinning down vulnerability: from narratives to numbers

Social vulnerability analyses have typically relied upon narratives to capture the nuances of the concept. While narratives have enhanced our understanding of the multiple drivers of vulnerability, they have had limited influence on hazards and climate adaptation policy. This is partially a function of the different needs and goals of the policy and research communities. The former prioritises generalised quantitative information, while the latter is more concerned with capturing complexity. A theoretically driven and empirically tested quantitative vulnerability and capacities index (VCI) for use at the local scale is presented to help connect vulnerability research and policy. There are four versions of the index for use in rural and urban contexts at the household and community levels. There can be an infinite number of drivers of vulnerability, but the VCI draws upon 12 indicators to represent material, institutional and attitudinal aspects of differential vulnerability and capacities.     

2种生物炭施用对滨海盐渍土土壤及植物影响的对比分析

改良滨海盐渍土对于园林绿化用地的拓展与生态景观的营造至关重要,是提升城市生态环境质量、丰富绿化多样性的必要举措。本研究对比分析2种生物炭在滨海盐渍土中的施用效果,评估其对土壤理化性质的改善及植物生长的影响。利用地被植物孔雀草 (Tagete patula L.) 进行室内盆栽试验,在滨海盐渍土中分别添加0.5%、1%、5% (质量比) 的污泥水热炭和稻壳热解炭。对比研究两种生物炭不同比例施用对土壤理化性质的影响,并考察孔雀草的生长情况和生理生化指标的变化。结果显示,与稻壳热解炭相比,污泥水热炭在降低土壤pH、提高土壤氮、磷及有机碳质量分数方面表现出更优效果,但过度添加会增加土壤全盐量,以1%的添加比例改良效果最佳,能够在不增加盐渍土全盐量的同时显著降低pH,有效提升土壤有机质、全磷、全氮质量分数。此外,冗余分析表明,污泥水热炭通过降低离子胁迫和改善土壤营养状况来提升孔雀草的根系生长和活力水平,增强其抗盐胁迫能力,进而促进生物量积累。污泥水热炭在滨海盐渍土园林绿化用地中的应用从养分和植物生长的角度来看是可行的,但其长期应用的安全性还需要进一步的研究和评估。该研究将为滨海盐渍土园林绿化用地改良提供科学依据。     

Microfinance institutions and a coastal community's disaster risk reduction,response, and recovery process: a case study of Hatiya,Bangladesh

Several researchers have examined the role of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in poverty alleviation, but the part that they play in disaster risk reduction remains unaddressed. Through an empirical study of Hatiya Island, one of the most vulnerable coastal communities of Bangladesh, this research evaluates perceptions of MFI support for the disaster risk reduction, response, and recovery process. The findings reveal no change in relation to risk reduction and income and occupation aspects for more than one‐half of the clients of MFIs. In addition, only 26 per cent of them have witnessed less damage as a result of being members of MFIs. One can argue, though, that the longer the membership time period the better the disaster preparedness, response, and recovery process. The outcomes of this study could help to guide the current efforts of MFIs to enhance the ability of coastal communities to prepare for and to recover from disasters efficiently and effectively.