国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹的挑战与路径

通过梳理国内外海陆统筹实践进程和政策演变,界定海陆统筹的基本概念与内涵,在国土空间规划背景下,探讨海陆统筹的关键问题和挑战,并进一步提出海陆统筹的优化路径。研究表明：（1）海陆统筹是一种“流”空间理论思维下面向全域全要素的开发保护战略,通过统一筹划海陆两大系统的资源要素配置、产业联动、生境共治、空间互联和制度互嵌,促进沿海地区协同高效发展,提升生产、生活和生态空间品质。（2）国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹面临的主要问题与挑战包括：海陆空间边界不明晰、海陆经济系统不协调、海陆资源开发与生境保护不统一和海陆空间规划体系不兼容。（3）针对现状问题与挑战,基于空间、经济、生态和管治四个维度,构建全域全要素、分级、分功能的统筹优化路径,以期为沿海地区的海陆协调发展提供借鉴。     

我国东南沿海地面沉降类型及其特点

东南沿海是我国地面沉降发育严重的地质灾害区,按照形成地面沉降的主要原因分为超采地下水而产生的地面沉降、软土地基地面沉降与工程性地面沉降,各类型呈现出各自的沉降特点.     

中国海岸地带面临的重大环境变化与灾害及其防御对策

中国海岸地带面向２１世纪的持续发展,面临着相对海面加速上升和热带气旋、风暴潮与低洼地洪涝不断加剧以及海岸环境急剧恶化等一系列重大环境变化与灾害问题。本文着重分析相对海面上升、热带气旋、风暴潮与洪水灾害以及海岸环境污染的特征、演变趋势及防御对策。     

Seasonal and tidal impact on the organic compounds and nutrients distribution in tropical mangroves, Kerala, India

Seasonal changes in the concentration of nutrients and various organic compounds were studied in the waters surrounding mangroves and in the marshy areas of mangroves. Higher amounts of nutrients and organic compounds were observed during low tide. This is due to the remineralisation of plant detritus in this area. High concentration of carbohydrates, proteins, chlorophyll and phosphate were observed during monsoon, which can be attributed to the leaching of plant detritus as well as the land run-off. During pre-monsoon and post-monsoon high tannin and lignin concentration was noted. A 24-hour sampling was also done to study the tidal impact on the concentrations of various organic compounds and nutrients in this ecosystem. Even though a tidal impact was observed, a clear picture was not reported in this study.     

A multi-scale coastal vulnerability index: A tool for coastal managers?

Coastal hazard management involves the assessment of vulnerability in natural and human environments. Indices incorporating a diversity of indicators have therefore been used extensively to provide spatial analyses of the degree of vulnerability. Such indices are typically applied at global and national scales, and they involve varying degrees of simplification and aggregation of information. The degree of simplification that is desirable depends on the management scale, and higher resolution is required at the local compared to the global scale. To investigate the implications of spatial scale in depicting coastal hazard risk, coastal vulnerability indices were developed at national (Northern Ireland), local authority and site levels. Variables were separated into three sub-indices: a coastal characteristics sub-index concerned with the resilience and susceptibility of the coast to erosion, a coastal forcing sub-index to characterize the forcing variables contributing to wave-induced erosion and a socio-economic sub-index to assess the infrastructure potentially at risk. The three sub-indices were merged to calculate the overall index, which is portrayed in the form of colour-coded vulnerability maps. While a common tripartite index could be employed at national, regional and local scales, the nature of the data used to quantify many of the variables varies according to the scale of management. Some important local variations in vulnerability are masked by simplifications at the national scale. For some variables more detailed information is available as the spatial resolution of the study increases, while others become obsolete as data are of insufficient resolution to differentiate real variability at more detailed scales. The results highlight the importance of spatial scale in developing indices of vulnerability: while a common index architecture can be applied, the selection of variables must take account of the scale at which the hazard is to be assessed. It is likely that limits on index development will also be imposed by data availability at various scales.     

福建省沿海地区春季一次近地层O3超标成因分析

福建省沿海地区春季ρ（O₃）较高且超标天数较多,为研究春季ρ（O₃）超标的天气学成因,选取2017年4月26日-5月1日O₃污染过程,利用统计对比和聚类分析方法,将全过程分成污染前、污染维持和污染后3个阶段,再将污染维持阶段分为4个区,利用ρ（O₃）和ρ（PM_2.5）小时均值资料,结合天气形势和气象要素场变化,分析此次O₃污染的主要特点.结果表明:①此次O₃污染与天气形势关系密切,在冷高压（4月28-29日）控制下,光化学反应条件有利,太阳辐射强、日照时间超过11 h,08:00起ρ（O₃）上升速率为15~20 μg/（m3·h）,ρ（O₃）最大8 h滑动平均值[简称"ρ（O₃）-max-8 h"]超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,但大气扩散条件好,ρ（PM_2.5）日均值未超过一级标准限值,ρ（O₃）超标原因为光化学反应所致,并且ρ（O₃）分布有明显的日变化规律.②在锋前暖区（4月26日08:00-16:00）及变性冷高压（4月30日-5月1日）控制下,光化学反应剧烈,08:00起ρ（O₃）上升速率为25~35 μg/（m3·h）,天气静稳且大气扩散条件差,本地生成的O₃在近地层累积效应明显,4月30日ρ（O₃）小时均值和ρ（O₃）-max-8 h达到过程峰值,ρ（PM_2.5）日均值超过GB 3095-2012二级标准限值,ρ（O₃）-max-8 h超过三级标准限值,空气质量达中度污染,ρ（O₃）超标原因为光化学反应加本地累积所致,并且ρ（O₃）分布也有明显的日变化规律.③受强冷空气影响,4月26日20:00-24:00福建省沿海地区的6个城市ρ（O₃）不降反升,22:00-24:00 ρ（O₃）8 h滑动平均值陆续达到一天中的最高值;4月27日ρ（O₃）维持在70~140 μg/m3之间,ρ（O₃）分布没有明显的日变化规律.研究显示,导致福建省沿海地区春季O₃污染天气的成因是多种因素共同作用的结果.      

西安市景观水体中产ESBLs菌的种属分布及其耐药特征

为了解城市景观水体中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（extended-spectrum β-lactamases,ESBLs）细菌的种属分布和耐药特征,从西安市4处景观水体中分离出385株异养菌,利用双纸片协同试验筛选产ESBLs菌,并通过16S rDNA测序比对鉴定其种属.使用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法测定产ESBLs菌对氨苄西林、四环素、磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星和头孢唑肟的耐药表型.采用聚合酶链反应测定这些菌株是否携带β-内酰胺类耐药基因bla_TEM、bla_CTX-M和bla_SHV以及I类整合酶基因intI.结果表明：从城市景观水体中分离出19株产ESBLs菌,在异养菌中的占比为4.94%.这些产ESBLs菌株共计6属10种,主要为大肠埃希氏菌.它们对氨苄西林、四环素和磺胺甲恶唑普遍耐药,多重耐药菌占比为57.89%.这些产ESBLs菌株中I类整合子检出率高达89.47%,但3种β-内酰胺酶耐药基因的检出率很低.     

The Quality of Water Resources in Dalmatia

The purpose of this study was to monitor and record the specific characteristics and properties of most of the important water resources in Dalmatia located in Southern Croatia for a period of 5 years (1998–2002) according to established standards for drinking water. The paper presents a detailed account of their chemical content, the classification and the concentration of salts. The bacteriological pollution levels are indicated by the total coliform bacterial levels (MPN coli/100 mL). The water characteristics are expressed by coefficients, which represent the ratios between water ingredients. The Ca/Mg eq ratio, SO₄/Cl eq ratio and K₁, K₂ for bicarbonate hardness were calculated. The hygienic characteristics of the water samples were expressed by the total coliform bacteria estimation (MPN coli/100 mL), the permanganate consumption (KMnO₄) and biological oxygen demand (BOD₅). Karst waters in Dalmatia are moderately hard, the SO₄/Cl ratio is 0.38–1.6, non-corrosive (K₁ lower than 0.2) and not significantly mineralised (< 500 mg/L minerals). Sulphate waters are generally hard, the SO₄/Cl ratio is higher than 1.6, K₁ is 0.2–0.65. Marine waters are quite hard or hard, particularly at the river estuaries, the SO₄/Cl ratio is lower than 0.38, and K₁ is higher than 0.65. The groundwater and springs in Dalmatia are less polluted than surface waters. A majority of these have a geometric average value of MPN coli < 150/100 mL of water observed in 24 of 42 locations studied. The highest bacteriological pollution was found in nine locations where MPN coli > 1000/100 mL and moderate pollution was found in nine locations where MPN coli is between 150 and 1000/100 mL of water. The physical and chemical parameters determined for the most sources in Dalmatia are safe below the international permissible limits.     

The Use of Mytilus Galloprovincialis Acetylcholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferases Activities as Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination Along the Northwest Portuguese Coast

With the aim of using Mytilus galloprovincialis acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities as biomarkers of environmental contamination in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast, the objective of this study was to provide background information related to: (1) baseline values of these enzymatic activities both in reference and contaminated areas and their responsiveness as indicators of exposure to environmental contaminants; (2) the importance of seasonal variations of such biomarkers in M. galloprovincialis along this area. For this, the activity of these enzymes was seasonally determined in mussels collected from four sites, including a reference and three stations with different contamination sources along the referred area. Statistically significant differences on both enzymatic activities were found among the four sampling stations, at the four sampling periods. In comparison to the reference station, lower AChE and higher GST activity values were found in mussels collected in stations potentially contaminated by pesticides and domestic/industrial effluents and in mussels collected in the vicinity of an oil refinery and an industrial/mercantile harbour, respectively. The results obtained in this work highlighted the potential suitability of these biomarkers to be used as components of environmental monitoring programs in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast. Since a seasonal variation in both enzymatic activities was found, the possible implications of such variability in the use of these enzymes as environmental biomarkers are also discussed.     

Prediction of Fly-Ash Dispersion in the Southern Black Sea: A Preliminary Modelling Study

The distribution of fly ash that is discharged in the form of slurry from a power plant situated on the southern coast of the Black Sea was simulated with a transport model that used the velocity fields produced by isopycnic modelling. It is shown that a significant amount of ash is deposited in the vicinity of the discharge location. The ash remaining in the water column settles in a manner dependent on the direction and intensity of the local current regime. Generally, summer and spring are found to be seasons when the circulation is weak and the ash dispersion is confined to the shore. The model results are conditional upon obtaining observational data for validation.