近海水体环境参数的SPC监控方法研究

结合目前近海海洋环境,提出了一种适用于多种水体环境参数的SPC监控方法。以溶解氧DO为研究对象,在分析了其统计特征的基础上,应用SPC方法构建了EWMA监控模型,同时讨论了控制界限宽度和平滑系数对EWMA控制图的平均运行链长(ARL)的影响。最后以2010年夏季舟山东福山海域30°N、122°E的水体环境参数溶解氧为例,监控近海水体环境参数DO的EWMA控制图波动情况。根据近海水体环境参数DO控制图的波动情况,结合目前已有的失控判别准则,并通过进一步的现场调研来分析近海水体环境参数DO发生变化的原因,从而为近海水体环境的保护提供支持。结果表明这一方法是可行的,且在近海水体环境参数DO的监控中具有良好的应用效果。     

上海南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程的生境评价

为应对长江口日益严峻的滨海湿地和鸟类栖息地丧失问题,上海南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程采取地形构建与水位调控技术,营造了适宜鸟类栖息觅食的生态修复示范区。本项研究自2009年8月至2010年6月,跟踪监测了生态修复示范区内的植被生长参数(株高、密度、叶面积指数、地上生物量)、水体质量参数(氮磷营养盐和叶绿素a含量)以及土壤环境参数(电导率、pH值和重金属含量),分析和评价了该工程实施后的生态修复效果。结果表明,生态修复措施有效促进了本地物种芦苇群落的生长,一定程度上明显改善了示范区内的水体质量,维持了土壤重金属的低污染状态,有利于鸟类生物多样性的提高。说明南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程取得了初步成效,呈现出较好的湿地修复效果。同时,应采取刈割与水位调节技术抑制外来物种互花米草,控制生态养殖规模,进一步改善鸟类栖息地生境质量。     

The Scientific Basis of Marine Pollution Prevention Strategies

Abstract

Prevention of marine pollution, particularly in semi-enclosed seas, embayments and areas with limited exchange of water, requires a well conceived and harmonized legal system, specified standards, a monitoring programme, and effective control and enforcement capabilities. This comprehensive approach is often called a strategy. Three generations of strategies have been devised and applied historically in Europe and North America, each a step further in integrating environmental protection, technical advancement and economic capabilities. the overpowering socio-economic problems of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, a task facing a dozen central and eastern European coastal states, compound the problem of application of an integrated approach.

No management strategy can achieve its set goals unless based on scientific evidence. the data base has to offer information on two basic questions, one specific and one of a general nature.

The specific question is: Has the area under consideration some features, an activity, or one or more living species, which must be protected at any cost? the answer to this question will invoke the precautionary principle into strategic considerations, and leads to the general question: What is the carrying (= assimilative or environmental) capacity for each activity and for the discharge of each contaminant into the impacted area? Answers to these questions lead to the choice of the strategy for environmental management.     

营口沿海产业基地景观水系与污水循环生态耦合

以辽宁（营口）沿海产业基地（以下简称沿海产业基地）为例，作者描述了景观水系与污水循环两个系统相互作用产生的耦合效应。实证了这一效应不但保护了附近海域的水质环境，提高了该区域的景观生态功能，还有效地推进了该地区的城市建设。     

Quantitative risk analysis for potentially resistant E. coli in surface waters caused by antibiotic use in agricultural systems

Antibiotics are frequently used in agricultural systems to promote livestock health and to control bacterial contaminants. Given the upsurge of the resistant fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in the surface waters, a novel statistical method namely, microbial risk assessment (MRA) was performed, to evaluate the probability of infection by resistant FIB on populations exposed to recreational waters. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, except E. coli O157:H7, were selected for their prevalence in aquatic ecosystem. A comparative study between a typical E. coli pathway and a case scenario aggravated by antibiotic use has been performed via Crystal Ball® software in an effort to analyze a set of available inputs provided by the US institutions including E. coli concentrations in US Great Lakes through using random sampling and probability distributions. Results from forecasting a possible worst-case scenario dose-response, accounted for an approximate 50% chance for 20% of the exposed human populations to be infected by recreational water in the U.S. However, in a typical scenario, there is a 50% chance of infection for only 1% of the exposed human populations. The uncertain variable, E. coli concentration accounted for approximately 92.1% in a typical scenario as the major contributing factor of the dose-response model. Resistant FIB in recreational waters that are exacerbated by a low dose of antibiotic pollutants would increase the adverse health effects in exposed human populations by 10 fold.     

Variability of Water Column Transparency,Volume Flow and Suspended Solids Near San Diego Sewage Outfall (California): 15 Years of Data

The spatial and temporal variability of transparency measured for 15 years at 7 stations near the San Diego sewage outfall has been investigated and compared to the temporal variability of sewage suspended solid discharge and flow rate. the purpose of the time-series analyses was to distinguish natural from human (sewage discharge) causes of temporal changes in transparency. the results show that: 1) variations in transparency are highly correlated over the entire area, but there is a gradient in means and variability in the direction perpendicular to the coast; 2) there are no long term trends for increase or decrease in the water clarity at any of the stations; 3) most of the variance of transparency is contained in the seasonal frequency band; 4) over the same time period sewage discharge has significantly increased and suspended solids decreased; 5) most of the variance of these human-caused properties is in the interannual frequency band; (6) there is no correlation at any time-lag between water clarity and suspended solid discharge or flow. These results lead to the conclusion that these anthropogenic properties are not affecting transparency, while natural factors such as seasonality and distance from coast do.     

三亚湾东段海岸侵蚀与海滩养护

海岸侵蚀是当前沿海地区普遍所面临的挑战之一,许多城市景观海滩区沿海景观和旅游休闲功能已受到海岸侵蚀的直接影响,侵蚀性景观海滩的人工养护对保持海滩品位和促进旅游可持续发展具有重要意义。在分析三亚湾东段动力泥沙环境和岸滩自然特征基础上,根据卫星遥感影像资料、固定断面测量资料对比分析了该岸段的侵蚀特征和成因,提出以增加沙源有效供给和增强海滩抗冲刷能力为目标的海滩养护修复途径,设计了海滩养护方案。根据海滩养护工程实施后的地形断面监测对比,海滩养护后海滩范围扩大,达到修复目标。补沙工程一年半后,岸滩整体较为稳定,补沙后的泥沙流失量未有显著增加,达到预期效果。     

国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹的挑战与路径

通过梳理国内外海陆统筹实践进程和政策演变,界定海陆统筹的基本概念与内涵,在国土空间规划背景下,探讨海陆统筹的关键问题和挑战,并进一步提出海陆统筹的优化路径。研究表明：（1）海陆统筹是一种“流”空间理论思维下面向全域全要素的开发保护战略,通过统一筹划海陆两大系统的资源要素配置、产业联动、生境共治、空间互联和制度互嵌,促进沿海地区协同高效发展,提升生产、生活和生态空间品质。（2）国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹面临的主要问题与挑战包括：海陆空间边界不明晰、海陆经济系统不协调、海陆资源开发与生境保护不统一和海陆空间规划体系不兼容。（3）针对现状问题与挑战,基于空间、经济、生态和管治四个维度,构建全域全要素、分级、分功能的统筹优化路径,以期为沿海地区的海陆协调发展提供借鉴。     

我国东南沿海地面沉降类型及其特点

东南沿海是我国地面沉降发育严重的地质灾害区,按照形成地面沉降的主要原因分为超采地下水而产生的地面沉降、软土地基地面沉降与工程性地面沉降,各类型呈现出各自的沉降特点.     

中国海岸地带面临的重大环境变化与灾害及其防御对策

中国海岸地带面向２１世纪的持续发展,面临着相对海面加速上升和热带气旋、风暴潮与低洼地洪涝不断加剧以及海岸环境急剧恶化等一系列重大环境变化与灾害问题。本文着重分析相对海面上升、热带气旋、风暴潮与洪水灾害以及海岸环境污染的特征、演变趋势及防御对策。