The Use of Mytilus Galloprovincialis Acetylcholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferases Activities as Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination Along the Northwest Portuguese Coast

With the aim of using Mytilus galloprovincialis acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities as biomarkers of environmental contamination in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast, the objective of this study was to provide background information related to: (1) baseline values of these enzymatic activities both in reference and contaminated areas and their responsiveness as indicators of exposure to environmental contaminants; (2) the importance of seasonal variations of such biomarkers in M. galloprovincialis along this area. For this, the activity of these enzymes was seasonally determined in mussels collected from four sites, including a reference and three stations with different contamination sources along the referred area. Statistically significant differences on both enzymatic activities were found among the four sampling stations, at the four sampling periods. In comparison to the reference station, lower AChE and higher GST activity values were found in mussels collected in stations potentially contaminated by pesticides and domestic/industrial effluents and in mussels collected in the vicinity of an oil refinery and an industrial/mercantile harbour, respectively. The results obtained in this work highlighted the potential suitability of these biomarkers to be used as components of environmental monitoring programs in risk assessment studies along the northwest Portuguese coast. Since a seasonal variation in both enzymatic activities was found, the possible implications of such variability in the use of these enzymes as environmental biomarkers are also discussed.     

珠江口四大口门及近滩水域浮游藻类和关键水质因子的监测与分析

对珠江口四大口门虎门、蕉门、洪奇沥、横门及近滩为主的水域进行浮游藻类发生与关键水质因子 (溶解氧(DO)、活性磷 (PO3- 4-P)、硝酸盐 (NO- 3-N) )的监测与总结 ,得出二者间具有较高相关性。为珠江口水域水质、浮游藻类生态及赤潮研究做些基础工作与贡献。     

沿海城市PM10和PM2.5自动监测过程中质量浓度“倒挂”现象分析与成因探讨

2020年2—3月,位于福建沿海地区中部的莆田市在环境空气质量自动监测过程中出现了严重的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度"倒挂"现象,小时值"倒挂"率为19.86%,日均值"倒挂"率为16.67%。在高相对湿度和低风速气象条件下,颗粒物会出现严重的"倒挂"现象,"倒挂"过程中常伴随着颗粒物和气态污染物(SO_2、NO_2和CO)质量浓度的增加。因此,于2020年2月16日—3月26日开展了颗粒物自动监测和手工监测比对,并结合气象参数、气态污染物质量浓度,以及PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子和液态水的含量特征,进一步探讨了莆田市颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的主要成因。研究表明,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)自动监测仪器检测原理的差异是导致颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的重要原因之一,而气象条件(相对湿度、气温和风速等)、颗粒物质量浓度、颗粒物中主要吸湿组分(NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+)和液态水的含量也是颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的主要影响因素。莆田市2020年2—3月出现高频率"倒挂"现象是多重因素共同作用的结果,解决该问题需要同时考虑监测仪器检测原理、气象参数、颗粒物质量浓度和吸湿组分等的影响。     

Prediction of Fly-Ash Dispersion in the Southern Black Sea: A Preliminary Modelling Study

The distribution of fly ash that is discharged in the form of slurry from a power plant situated on the southern coast of the Black Sea was simulated with a transport model that used the velocity fields produced by isopycnic modelling. It is shown that a significant amount of ash is deposited in the vicinity of the discharge location. The ash remaining in the water column settles in a manner dependent on the direction and intensity of the local current regime. Generally, summer and spring are found to be seasons when the circulation is weak and the ash dispersion is confined to the shore. The model results are conditional upon obtaining observational data for validation.     

Saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifer ??? comparison between the CIP and MOC simulation technique

Proper management and evaluation of environmental effects for coastal groundwater aquifers require accurate estimation of salt and fresh water movement. For this we compare two numerical methods to study saltwater intrusion. The two numerical methods are the CIP (constrained interpolation profile) and the MOC (method of characteristics). The two numerical methods are used to solve the salt transport equation. The two methods are applied and compared to saltwater intrusion experiments for confined and unconfined aquifer case studies. It is found that for both cases, the CIP-method is superior in terms of calculation time while keeping an acceptable numerical accuracy.     

Species of copper and zinc in sediments collected from the antarctic ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area

The species of copper and zinc, such as bioexchangeable, skeletal, easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxide), organic combined with sulfides, and detritus with minerals, in mud and sand, separated from the surface Antarctic Ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal (including river and estuarine) sediments, have been analyzed by sequential leaching methods. Results show that in the Antarctic Ocean sediments, high concentrations of total copper (128 mg/kg) and zinc (458 mg/kg) were found in the high mud (99.09%) content samples compared with the low concentrations of total copper (83.8 mg/kg) and zinc (288 mg/kg) in low mud (51.69%) content samples. High concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron are possibly due to the characteristics of manganese nodules, in which the species of copper and zinc are mainly contained in the crystalline Mn oxide phase. In the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the total copper and zinc concentrations in mud and sand vary with season and location. High values were generally observed in the river sediments during the dry season, and low values were in the estuarine and coastal sediments during the heavy rainy season. High percentages of copper (as high as 49.4%) and zinc (as high as 76.7%) in mud and sand were in the bioexchangeable phase including the skeletal phase. This result might be correlated with the problems arising from human impact on copper and zinc as well as sewage pollution in Taiwan. In the organic combined phase, biogenic particulate matter related to higher primary productivity in the Antarctic Ocean is also discussed.     

MODIS时序影像的福建近岸叶绿素a浓度反演

叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度是可以直接遥感反演的重要水质参数之一,常用来评价近岸水体的富营养化程度.为有效监测福建近岸水域中的叶绿素a浓度变化,本文利用MODIS时间序列影像数据,采用适用于小样本数据的机器学习方法随机森林(Random Forest, RF)和传统的特征波段比值(Band Ratio, BR)方法,结合时序浮标观测数据,在浮标观测站点有限的情况下,采用"以时间连续补空间稀疏"的建模策略,分别对福建近岸不同时相叶绿素a浓度进行遥感反演,并对反演结果进行验证与分析.结果显示RF、BR两种方法反演的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.49、0.52μg·L~(-1),平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别为37.50%、50.20%,平均决定系数(R~2)分别为0.87、0.21.可见,基于MODIS时序影像的RF模型可较准确估测福建近岸叶绿素a浓度,且精度优于BR模型.在近岸水环境普遍恶化且浮标观测站点有限的情况下,本研究可提供一种有效监测叶绿素a浓度的方法,有利于福建近岸水环境(如赤潮)的遥感监测.     

西安市景观水体中产ESBLs菌的种属分布及其耐药特征

为了解城市景观水体中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（extended-spectrum β-lactamases,ESBLs）细菌的种属分布和耐药特征,从西安市4处景观水体中分离出385株异养菌,利用双纸片协同试验筛选产ESBLs菌,并通过16S rDNA测序比对鉴定其种属.使用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法测定产ESBLs菌对氨苄西林、四环素、磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星和头孢唑肟的耐药表型.采用聚合酶链反应测定这些菌株是否携带β-内酰胺类耐药基因bla_TEM、bla_CTX-M和bla_SHV以及I类整合酶基因intI.结果表明：从城市景观水体中分离出19株产ESBLs菌,在异养菌中的占比为4.94%.这些产ESBLs菌株共计6属10种,主要为大肠埃希氏菌.它们对氨苄西林、四环素和磺胺甲恶唑普遍耐药,多重耐药菌占比为57.89%.这些产ESBLs菌株中I类整合子检出率高达89.47%,但3种β-内酰胺酶耐药基因的检出率很低.     

福建省沿海地区春季一次近地层O3超标成因分析

福建省沿海地区春季ρ（O₃）较高且超标天数较多,为研究春季ρ（O₃）超标的天气学成因,选取2017年4月26日-5月1日O₃污染过程,利用统计对比和聚类分析方法,将全过程分成污染前、污染维持和污染后3个阶段,再将污染维持阶段分为4个区,利用ρ（O₃）和ρ（PM_2.5）小时均值资料,结合天气形势和气象要素场变化,分析此次O₃污染的主要特点.结果表明:①此次O₃污染与天气形势关系密切,在冷高压（4月28-29日）控制下,光化学反应条件有利,太阳辐射强、日照时间超过11 h,08:00起ρ（O₃）上升速率为15~20 μg/（m3·h）,ρ（O₃）最大8 h滑动平均值[简称"ρ（O₃）-max-8 h"]超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,但大气扩散条件好,ρ（PM_2.5）日均值未超过一级标准限值,ρ（O₃）超标原因为光化学反应所致,并且ρ（O₃）分布有明显的日变化规律.②在锋前暖区（4月26日08:00-16:00）及变性冷高压（4月30日-5月1日）控制下,光化学反应剧烈,08:00起ρ（O₃）上升速率为25~35 μg/（m3·h）,天气静稳且大气扩散条件差,本地生成的O₃在近地层累积效应明显,4月30日ρ（O₃）小时均值和ρ（O₃）-max-8 h达到过程峰值,ρ（PM_2.5）日均值超过GB 3095-2012二级标准限值,ρ（O₃）-max-8 h超过三级标准限值,空气质量达中度污染,ρ（O₃）超标原因为光化学反应加本地累积所致,并且ρ（O₃）分布也有明显的日变化规律.③受强冷空气影响,4月26日20:00-24:00福建省沿海地区的6个城市ρ（O₃）不降反升,22:00-24:00 ρ（O₃）8 h滑动平均值陆续达到一天中的最高值;4月27日ρ（O₃）维持在70~140 μg/m3之间,ρ（O₃）分布没有明显的日变化规律.研究显示,导致福建省沿海地区春季O₃污染天气的成因是多种因素共同作用的结果.      

上海城市发展与其海域赤潮的关系分析

近年来，我国沿海地区赤潮爆发频率明显增加，规模不断扩大，对沿海经济的危害程度日益加重。赤潮是自然环境和人类活动共同作用的结果，如何科学地分析沿海城市的经济发展与赤潮灾害的关系已成为迫切需要解决的问题。本文将1978～2004年上海城市发展的相关指标与其海域赤潮发生频率及累计影响面积进行对比分析，结果表明：27年间上海海域出现了2次赤潮高峰期；赤潮灾害规模与上海城市的经济发展、人口增长、沿岸养殖业及农业、陆源排泄物等有密切关系；随着经济的快速发展，上海海域的赤潮频率及影响面积也在不断增加。