双氰胺甲醛型改性脱色絮凝剂的合成、表征及脱色性能

为提高双氰胺甲醛型脱色絮凝剂的脱色性能,以尿素、三聚氰胺为交联剂,以双氰胺、甲醛为原料制备了改性脱色絮凝剂,并用其处理模拟染料废水.研究了不同染料的初始浓度、p H值、投加量、无机盐以及与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复配使用等条件对脱色率的影响.实验结果证明改性的脱色剂具有较好的脱色性能.相同投加量条件下,未改性脱色剂的最大脱色率为89.7%,而改性脱色剂的脱色率能达到94.6%.红外光谱图表明染料分子和脱色剂发生了相互作用.单因素试验研究表明单独使用改性脱色剂时,最佳投加量为120 mg·L~(-1),单独使用PAC时,最佳投加量为60 mg·L~(-1).正交试验法确定了最优适用条件为:改性脱色剂加入量70 mg·L~(-1),聚铝加入量为50 mg·L~(-1),改性脱色剂和PAC的复配使污水处理成本下降约20%.脱色剂的改性和改性脱色剂与PAC的复配显著提高了脱色剂的耐盐性.     

硬脂酸和硅烷偶联剂KH570对氧化钙疏水改性研究

为开发事故情况下高浓度毒性有机物污染土壤快速固化/稳定化材料,本文以氧化钙(Ca O)为基材,硬脂酸和硅烷偶联剂KH570为两种改性剂,采用湿法工艺对Ca O粉体进行表面疏水改性,探讨不同工艺条件对改性效果的影响,并对改性后Ca O的形态和结构进行表征.结果表明,硬脂酸改性氧化钙的最佳工艺条件为:硬脂酸添加质量分数5%,改性温度30℃,改性时间30 min;KH570改性Ca O的最佳工艺条件为:KH570添加量0.02 m L·g-1Ca O,改性时间40 min.改性后Ca O的接触角均大于90°.傅里叶红外和扫描电镜分析表明,两种改性剂均以化学吸附的方式包覆在Ca O表面,达到了表面疏水改性的目的.     

生物炭及改性生物炭对水环境中重金属的吸附固定作用

生物炭是由植物或动物废弃生物质在完全或部分缺氧条件经裂解炭化产生的一类高度芳香化、抗分解能力极强的碳质固体物质,是一种富含碳元素的有机连续体。生物炭比表面积大、疏松多孔,含有羟基、羧基、羰基等活性官能团,对多种重金属离子具有吸附固定作用,可以用来去除或削减水体中的有毒有害重金属。此外,利用酸、碱、石墨烯等物质对其进行修饰或改性,可提高对重金属的吸附能力。根据当前研究现状,综述了不同生物炭对水溶液中重金属离子的去除作用,并比较了一些生物炭改性前后与重金属的作用效果差异,同时归纳了生物炭与重金属的相互作用机理及其影响因素。在此基础上,展望了生物炭在去除水体环境中有毒有害重金属的研究方向,以期望生物炭得到更好应用。     

植物法改性类Fenton反应催化剂降解甲基橙

采用银杏叶和桑叶提取液制备了改性类Fenton反应催化剂并进行了表征分析,研究了溶液初始p H、反应温度、催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度等因素对甲基橙降解率的影响,同时考察了催化剂的重复使用效果。表征结果表明:制备出的催化剂为Fe_2O_3和Fe OOH的混合物;桑叶改性催化剂的粒径分布较银杏叶改性催化剂均匀,粒径较小,比表面积较大。实验结果表明:在初始p H为6.23、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量1 g/L、甲基橙初始质量浓度100 mg/L的条件下,银杏叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.40%,桑叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.96%;碱性条件下,甲基橙降解率仍接近100%,扩宽了反应的p H适用范围,为碱性条件下处理偶氮染料提供了新思路;催化剂重复使用6次之后,甲基橙降解率仍可达到99%。根据反应前后溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱,初步探讨了降解机理。     

HfB2-HfC-SiC 改性 C/C 复合材料的超高温烧蚀性能研究

目的制备HfB_2-HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料,并探究该材料的超高温烧蚀性能。方法采用化学气相渗透结合前驱体浸渍热解工艺制备HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料(C/C-HfC-SiC)和HfB_2-HfC-SiC复相陶瓷改性C/C复合材料(C/C-HfB_2-HfC-SiC),采用大气等离子烧蚀实验研究材料的超高温烧蚀性能。结果C/C-HfC-SiC和C/C-HfB_2-HfC-SiC复合材料2200℃线烧蚀率分别为1.54×10~(-3),1.38×10~(-3)mm/s。结论复合材料具有独特的微结构特征,亚微米级的HfB_2和HfC基体均匀弥散分布在SiC基体中。复合材料表面原位生成的液相SiO_2和固相HfO_2复合氧化物膜,既可以抵抗高速气流的冲蚀,又可以抵抗氧化性气氛的向内扩散,是复合材料具有优异超高温抗烧蚀性能的主要原因。     

Ethical Considerations at the Various Stages in the Development, Production, and Consumption of GM Crops

The aim of this paper is to clarify the ethical issuessurrounding GM crops by examining the various stages or levels intheir development, production, and consumption. Previous workabout the acceptability or non-acceptability of GM crops hastended to conflate these various levels, partly as a result ofwhich GM crops are all-too-often simply said to be ``good' or``bad.' There are, though, various problems with such a binarycategorization. I look in particular at the duties of scientists,companies, regulatory systems, farmers, retailers, and consumers.     

Phosphate removal from domestic wastewater using thermally modified steel slag

This study was performed to investigate the removal of phosphate from domestic wastewater using a modified steel slag as the adsorbent. The adsorption effects of alkalinity, salt, water,and thermal modification were investigated. The results showed that thermal activation at 800℃ for 1 hr was the optimum operation to improve the adsorption capacity. The adsorption process of the thermally modified slag was well described by the Elovich kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model reached 13.62 mg/g. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the modified slag was cracked and that the texture became loose after heating. The surface area and pore volume did not change after thermal modification. In the treatment of domestic wastewater, the modified slag bed(35.5 kg) removed phosphate effectively and operated for 158 days until the effluent P rose above the limit concentration of 0.5 mg/L. The phosphate fractionation method, which is often applied in soil research, was used to analyze the phosphate adsorption behavior in the slag bed. The analysis revealed that the total contents of various Ca–P forms accounted for 81.4%–91.1%, i.e., Ca10–P 50.6%–65.1%, Ca8–P 17.8%–25.0%,and Ca2–P 4.66%–9.20%. The forms of Al–P, Fe–P, and O–P accounted for only 8.9%–18.6%. The formation of Ca10–P precipitates was considered to be the main mechanism of phosphate removal in the thermally modified slag bed.     

改性贵金属催化剂催化还原脱除NO

含有NO的工业废气直接排放会严重污染空气,须对含有NO的工业废气进行净化处理.采用NH3为还原剂贵金属铂催化剂进行了低温还原NO脱除烟气中氮氧化物性能的研究.结果表明:实验室制备的贵金属铂催化剂具有高的低温活性和选择性催化还原脱除NO的性能,但该催化剂易被原料气中少量的硫化物(SO₂)中毒而影响其稳定性;用稀土元素La和Ce对贵金属铂催化剂进行改性,改性后贵金属铂催化剂的稳定性得到了大幅度提高,出口气体中氮氧化物浓度大幅度降低.本实验Pt∶La∶Ce最佳摩尔比为1∶3.78∶3.56.     

3,5-二硝基水杨酸表面修饰纳米Ti2吸附对硝基苯酚

化学吸附法合成3,5-二硝基水杨酸表面修饰的TiO₂纳米粒子,TiO₂表面修饰后呈浅黄色,TiO₂表面羟基与3,5-二硝基水杨酸发生类似于醇和酸间的酯化反应.表层链接有苯环,极性减弱,非极性增强,在水、苯、乙醇中均分散性良好,与芳香族污染物的亲合力增强,有利于吸附去除芳香族污染物.表面修饰的TiO₂纳米粒子20mg,在最佳吸附pH值3、吸附时间10min,对100mL对硝基苯酚(3～10 mg/L)的吸附率可由改性前的43%增至99.9%.该法吸附效率高,可直接达到一级排放标准,提供了深度处理对硝基苯酚废水的新方法.     

Recent trends in rock dust modifications for improved dispersion and coal dust explosion mitigation

Underground coal mine explosions is perhaps the most hazardous danger in the coal mining industries. Efforts have been made to abate the coal dust explosion by applying rock dust either dry or wet. Dry dust has the best lift characteristic which efficiently quenches the flame propagation of a potential explosion. As a trade-off, undesired respirable dust particles are thereby generated imposing a severe health hazard on coal miners. Wet dusting is an alternative to dry dusting which significantly reduces the exposure to respirable dust particles. However, wet dust is subject to adverse caking issues which lead to a drastic reduction in the dispersibility of the particles. The present work summarizes the studies conducted to date regarding the surface modification of rock dust particles for the purpose of eliminating or alleviating the problems accompanying coal mine dusting applications, meanwhile improving the dispersive properties of dust particles and the ability to suppress the coal dust explosion.