羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)在小鼠肝脏微粒体的体外代谢及对CYP450酶活性的影响

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是一类具有内分泌干扰效应的酚类化合物,生物毒性要高于母体多溴联苯醚(PBDEs),研究OH-PBDEs的体外代谢行为对于理解其在生物体内的富集转化具有重要意义。以小鼠肝脏微粒体作为研究对象,考察了3-OH-BDE-47、5-OH-BDE-47、6-OH-BDE-47和2’-OH-BDE-68在小鼠肝脏中的体外代谢,并分别研究了浓度为0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、1.0μmol·L-1条件下4种OH-PBDEs对细胞色素P450酶系中7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(ECOD)、7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)和苯胺4-羟基化酶(ANH)活性的影响。结果表明,4种OH-PBDEs在小鼠肝脏微粒体中均能够快速代谢,代谢率分别为80%(3-OH-BDE-47)、42%(5-OH-BDE-47)、86%(6-OH-BDE-47)和63%(2’-OH-BDE-68)。实验所设OH-PBDEs各浓度对微粒体的ECOD活性无显著性抑制作用,但对EROD的活性均表现出相同的显著抑制作用;4种OH-PBDEs表现出不同的ANH活性影响,即3-OH-BDE-47对ANH活性具有抑制作用,5-OH-BDE-47具有诱导作用,而6-OH-BDE-47和2’-OH-BDE-68对ANH活性无显著性影响。     

2-碘芴在鲮鱼(Cirrhina molitorella)中的积累、分布、代谢和排泄

卤代芴是近年发现的新型环境污染物,目前尚无其生态毒理学研究的报道。以~(125)I-2-碘芴(~(125)I-2-IFlu)作为2-碘芴(2-IFlu)的放射性示踪剂,研究了2-IFlu在鲮鱼(Cirrhina molitorella)中的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程;同时,以2-溴芴(2-Br Flu)作为2-IFlu的质谱示踪剂,进一步对2-IFlu在鲮鱼体内的生物转化产物进行结构表征。结果表明,鲮鱼对2-IFlu的积累表现为波浪式增长,浓集系数在积累7 d时达到1 251.13。2-IFlu及其代谢产物主要积累在鲮鱼的胆囊部位,峰值时所占比例超过生物总吸收量的60%,此时胆囊的浓集系数达78.85×103。鲮鱼对2-IFlu的排泄具有清晰的快、慢两个排泄阶段,排泄实验开始后短时间内拥有较快排泄速度,残留率降至19.20%,之后转入慢速排泄。快排泄期2-IFlu及其代谢物仍主要分布于胆囊部位,慢排泄期时分布于其余内脏和剩余组织中。对胆汁的甲醇提取物进行薄层层析-放射自显影分析发现,积累4 d时鲮鱼胆汁中的2-IFlu全部以其代谢物形式存在,主代谢产物为3种大极性物质。经质谱确认,鲮鱼胆汁中的2-IFlu代谢主产物为2-IFlu-硫酸酯、2-IFlu-(OH)-硫酸酯、2-IFlu-葡萄糖醛酸和2-IFlu-(OH)-葡萄糖醛酸。表明2-IFlu进入鲮鱼体内后,很快被转化为一相代谢氧化产物,随之发生后续的二相代谢过程进一步转化为极性基团加合的代谢产物,最终排出体外。     

油田土壤微生物群落碳代谢与理化因子关系研究

基于对我国主要油田区的土壤理化性质等场地信息调查,应用Biolog和统计学方法分析理化因子与土壤微生物群落碳代谢特性的关系,揭示了不同区域油田土壤理化因子对微生物群落代谢的综合影响作用.结果表明:油田区土壤理化特性呈现地理性分布特性;总氮、总磷、速效磷、有效态铜、锌等环境因子与微生物群落的多样性正相关;可溶盐含量、pH值、总氮、总有机碳等对样点间微生物群落碳代谢的差异性贡献最大.对各油田碳代谢影响因子比较表明,不同区域的油田区土壤中影响微生物群落代谢特性的主要因子各不相同,同一理化因子在不同油田区对微生物群落碳代谢的影响程度不同.这种代谢特性与理化因子关系的区域性差异可能是土壤物化性质地理性分布以及微生物群落结构区域性差异共同作用的结果.     

Ecological network analysis of an urban energy metabolic system: Model development, and a case study of four Chinese cities

Urban metabolism research faces difficulties defining ecological trophic levels and analyzing relationships among the metabolic system's energy components. Here, we propose a new way to perform such research. By integrating throughflow analysis with ecological network utility analysis, we used network flows to analyze the metabolic system's network structure and the ecological relationships within the system. We developed an ecological network model for the system, and used four Chinese cities as examples of how this approach provides insights into the flows within the system at both high and low levels of detail. Using the weight distribution in the network flow matrix, we determined the structure of the urban energy metabolic system and the trophic levels; using the sign distribution in the network utility matrix, we determined the relationships between each pair of the system's compartments and their degrees of mutualism. The model uses compartments based on 17 sectors (energy exploitation; coal-fired power; heat supply; washed coal; coking; oil refinery; gas generation; coal products; agricultural; industrial; construction; communication, storage, and postal service; wholesale, retail, accommodation, and catering; household; other consuming; recovery; and energy stocks). Analyzing the structure and functioning of the urban energy metabolic system revealed ways to optimize its structure by adjusting the relationships among compartments, thereby demonstrating how ecological network analysis can be used in future urban system research.     

镉胁迫对龙葵幼苗氮代谢及其相关酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了系列镉浓度处理对龙葵（Solanum nigrumL）幼苗氮代谢的影响。结果表明：龙葵根系可溶性蛋白质较叶片受Cd影响更大。龙葵植株叶片和根系NO3--N含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性均随镉浓度提高而先增后降,且随处理时间的延长而逐渐下降。叶片NO3--N含量和NR活性均在25μm镉处理8d后达到峰值,而根系NO3--N则在50μm镉处理8d后最高。叶片NO3--N含量受镉处理影响较根系稍大。然而,龙葵叶片中NH4＋-N含量随镉浓度升高和时间延长逐渐升高,100μm镉处理16d后最高,表明镉胁迫下龙葵叶片铵态氮富集效应明显。龙葵叶片和根系中谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性随镉处理浓度提高和处理时间延长而逐渐升高,100μm镉处理16d后达到峰值。     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系

逆境条件下植物体内产生并累积活性氧从而破坏植物组织结构与功能,同时植物也可以通过改变活性氧代谢相关酶活性清除活性氧而减轻活性氧伤害以适应环境胁迫。为研究铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种(Triticum aestivum L.)在活性氧代谢上的差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系,本试验选用小麦品种ET8(耐铝型)、ES8(铝敏感型)为试验材料研究了不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢变化上的差异。结果表明,50μmol·L-1铝处理24h,ET8和ES8活性氧含量显著升高,O2·ˉ产生速率增幅分别为10.5%和20.4%,H2O2含量增幅分别为3.3%和7.6%。ET8和ES8超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增幅分别为11.9%和41.6%,过氧化物酶(POD)活性增幅为51.8%和77.8%,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增幅为54.4%和29.1%,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增幅为32.9%和38.4%,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性增幅为83.1%和85.5%。虽然抗氧化酶活性增加后会清除一部分活性氧,但活性氧的累积仍然造成了膜脂的过氧化,ET8和ES8丙二醛(MDA)含量分别增加18.2%和50.0%,质膜透性也随着MDA含量的升高而增加,增幅分别为1.25倍和1.36倍。综上所述,不同耐铝品种间活性氧代谢的差异是小麦品种耐铝性差异显著的原因之一。     

植物去除空气污染物的机理研究进展

介绍了植物去除空气污染物的研究现状及机理,主要包括:通过叶表面的气孔和表皮吸收、吸附;植物体内代谢或者分泌酶催化氧化还原进入体内的污染物;通过植物联合根系微生物降解由于干湿沉降进入土壤或者水体中的污染物等.提出了在植物空气去除机理研究中存在的问题,以及未来需要研究的方向.     

Relationship between ammonia stomatal compensation point and nitrogen metabolism in arable crops: current status of knowledge and potential modelling approaches

The ammonia stomatal compensation point of plants is determined by leaf temperature, ammonium concentration ([NH4+]apo) and pH of the apoplastic solution. The later two depend on the adjacent cells metabolism and on leaf inputs and outputs through the xylem and phloem. Until now only empirical models have been designed to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point, except the model of Riedo et al. (2002. Coupling soil-plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia with ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Ecological Modelling 158, 83-110), which represents the exchanges between the plant's nitrogen pools. The first step to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point is to adequately model [NH4+]apo. This [NH4+]apo has been studied experimentally, but there are currently no process-based quantitative models describing its relation to plant metabolism and environmental conditions. This study summarizes the processes involved in determining the ammonia stomatal compensation point at the leaf scale and qualitatively evaluates the ability of existing whole plant N and C models to include a model for [NH4+]apo.     

Effect of methyl tert-butyl ether on adipogenesis and glucose metabolism in vitro and in vivo

Methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE), as a widely used gasoline additive, is suspected of being environmentally toxic. MTBE accumulates mainly in adipose tissue, but its effect on obesity or obesity-related metabolic disorders has not been well understood yet. Therefore, we examined the effect of MTBE on the adipose function and the related metabolic processes with both 3T3-L1 cell line and C57 BL/6 J mice model. We found that exposure to MTBE at the environmental relevant concentration(100 μmol/L) could significantly induce differentiation of preadipocyte and disturb insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of mature adipocyte.The in vivo observation in male mice showed a positive correlation of visceral white adipose tissue(vWAT) expansion and cell size increase with MTBE treatment in 14 weeks. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests demonstrated that MTBE at 1000 μg/(kg·day)disturbed the systemic glucose metabolism in a gender-specific manner, which might be partly attributed to the alterations of gut microbiota community at genus level with respect to Akkermansia, Clostridium XlVb, and Megamonas. In summary, our study characterized the effect of MTBE on adipose tissue function and glucose homeostasis in vitro and in vivo, and revealed that systemic disorders of the glucose metabolism might be modulated by the related gut microbiota.     

镉对河南华溪蟹肝胰腺线粒体自由基代谢的影响

为了探明镉对线粒体自由基代谢的毒性机理,采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd2+)对河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanen肝胰腺组织线粒体抗超氧阴离子(O2.-)能力、抑制羟自由基(.OH)产生能力、过氧化氢(H2O2)和一氧化氮(NO)含量及一氧化氮合成(NOS)活力的影响.具体实验设置5个Cd2+浓度组(7.25、14.50、29.00、58.00和116.00mg.L-1),分别在24、48、72和96h时对自由基代的相关指标进行测定.结果显示,Cd2+对线粒体自由基代谢的影响表现出时间和浓度效应关系.随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理时间的延长O2.-能力、抑制.OH产生能力逐渐降低,但H2O2含量逐渐增高,NO含量和NOS活力的变化基本趋于一致,即随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理间的延长先上升后下降.因此,线粒体中抗O2.-和抑制.OH产生能力、H2O2和NO含量及NOS活力可以作为重金属污染水生生物毒性效应指示物.