A nanocomposite of CoFe2O4-carbon microspheres for electrochemical energy storage applications

A carbon/CoFe₂O₄ composite was synthesized by precipitation method. The morphology of the composite was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The electrocapacitive behaviors of the composite has been studies by cycle voltammogram and galvanic charge/discharge. The size of the nanoparticles carbon composite of CoFe₂O₄ was uniform and 209 nm. Due to a high percent of carbon, electrochemical measurements showed electrical double layer mechanism. Specifically, the carbon/cobalt ferrite electrode exhibited high specific capacitance of 102.5 F g^?1 at a current density of 0.16 A g^?1, and high rate capability with 30% retention of capacitance even up to 20 A g^?1, and excellent cycling stability with 81.5% retention of the initial capacitance after 6000 charge/discharge cycles, supporting that the carbon cobalt ferrite composite electrode could be a potential candidate for supercapacitor application.     

Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River: Concentration, sources and fractionation during the melting process

Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau, further affecting the water resource supply. However, the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong (GLDD) region, the source of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the concentration, source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama (GLJM) glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017, which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contribution to glacier melting. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of snowpit samples (283?±?200?μg/L) was much lower than that of precipitation samples (624?±?361?μg/L), indicating that large parts of DOC could be rapidly leached from the snowpit during the melting process. In contrast, refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration measured by Single Particle Soot Photometer of snowpit samples (4.27?±?3.15?μg/L) was much higher than that of precipitation samples (0.97?±?0.49?μg/L). Similarly, DOC with high mass absorption cross-section measured at 365?nm value was also likely to enrich in snowpit during the melting process. In addition, it was found that both rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability began to leach from the snowpit when melting process became stronger. Therefore, rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability exhibited similar behavior during the melting process. Based on relationship among DOC, rBC and K⁺ in precipitation, the main source of carbonaceous matter in GLJM glacier was biomass burning during the study period.     

Observation of chemical components of PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol formation during haze and sandy haze days in Zhengzhou, China

Mineral dust particles play an important role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, which largely contribute to haze pollution in China.During this study, a haze episode(haze days) and a typical haze process mixed with sandstorm(sandy haze days)were observed in Zhengzhou with a series of high-time-resolution monitoring instruments from November 22 to December 8, 2018.Concentrations of PM_(10) and crustal elements clearly increased in the sandy haze days.Concentrations of gaseous pollutants, metallic elements emitted from anthropogenic sources, nitrate, and ammonium during sandy haze days were slightly lower than those during the haze days but still obviously higher than those during the non-haze days.The sulfate concentrations, the sulfate fractions in PM_(2.5),and the sulfur oxidation ratios significantly increased in the sandy haze days.Heterogeneous reactions dominated the conversion of SO_2 during the haze and sandy haze days.Enhanced SO_2 conversion during the sandy haze days may be attributed to the high concentrations of transition metal ions from the sandstorm when the values of relative humidity(RH) were in 30%–70%, and high O_3 at certain time points.Gas-phase NO_2 oxidation reactions were the main pathways for nitrate formation.In the sandy haze days,higher nitrogen oxidation ratio(NOR) at daytime may be associated with higher RH and lower temperature than those in the haze days, which facilitate the gas-to-particle partitioning of nitrate; higher NOR values at night may be attributed to the higher O_3 concentrations, which promoted the formation of N_2O_5.     

PPy/TiO2光催化微生物燃料电池产电及在钴酸锂浸出中的应用

以无水氯化铁为氧化剂,碳纸为基板,通过化学氧化法制备聚吡咯/二氧化钛（PPy/TiO₂）光电阴极,采用XRD、IR、SEM对光催化材料进行表征.以碳纸为阳极;碳纸、TiO₂改性碳纸和PPy/TiO₂改性碳纸为阴极,构建双室微生物燃料电池（MFC）.在光照条件下,研究了MFC废水处理效果、产电性能及阴极钴酸锂的浸出情况.结果表明：PPy/TiO₂改性碳纸最大功率密度为10425.7mW/m²,分别是碳纸和TiO₂改性碳纸的1.97和1.86倍;PPy/TiO₂改性碳纸阴极Co（Ⅱ）浸出率为47.8%,分别是碳纸和TiO₂改性碳纸的1.87和1.76倍.     

2017~2018年北京大气PM2.5中水溶性无机离子特征

为探究近年来北京市空气质量持续改善过程中PM_2.5及其中水溶性无机离子（WSIIs）特征,于2017~2018年在北京城区进行了连续1 a的PM_2.5样品采集,对其中9种主要WSIIs进行了全面分析.结果表明,北京市PM_2.5年均浓度为（77.1±52.1）μg ·m^-3,最高和最低值分别出现在春季[（102.9±69.1）μg ·m^-3]和夏季[（54.7±19.9）μg ·m^-3].WSIIs年均浓度为（31.7±30.1）μg ·m^-3,对PM_2.5贡献比例为41.1%,季节贡献特征为：秋季（45.9%） > 夏季（41.9%） > 春季（39.9%） ≥ 冬季（39.2%）.SNA是WSIIs的重要组成,春、夏、秋和冬季在总WSIIs中的占比分别可达86.0%、89.5%、74.6%和73.0%.随温度升高,NO₃^-和SO₄^2-分别呈现出了先升高后降低以及波动性升高的趋势;而当相对湿度低于90%时,2种离子浓度均随相对湿度增加而升高,反映了光化学和液相过程对2种离子组分的贡献差异.随污染加重,WSIIs整体贡献比例大幅升高,且各类WSIIs演化特征各异,其中,NO₃^-浓度和贡献均持续升高,而SO₄^2-和各类源自扬尘的离子组分（Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和Na⁺）贡献降低.观测期间WSIIs主要来源包括二次转化、燃烧源和扬尘源,对燃煤和机动车的管控是其减排的重要途径.后向轨迹分析表明,源自北京市南部和西部的气团对应着较高的PM_2.5浓度和WSIIs占比,且二次离子贡献显著;而源自西北和北部的气团对应的PM_2.5浓度和WSIIs占比则较低,但Ca²⁺贡献较高.     

2019年郑州冬、春季重污染期间PM2.5污染特征分析

为研究郑州冬、春季重度污染期间细颗粒物的组分特征、污染来源、气象影响因素及外来传输影响,基于本地超级站污染监测数据及相关气象要素监测数据对重污染时段进行分析,并对本地污染成因进行探讨.结果表明,2019年1—3月郑州共有426 h达到重度及以上污染水平,首要污染物均为PM_2.5.重污染时段碳组分（OC+EC）共占PM_2.5的14.6%,OC与EC存在显著相关性,1、2、3月的r值分别为0.72、0.89和0.91,且二者比值多介于2~4之间,表明机动车和燃煤排放是碳组分的主要来源;水溶性离子浓度排序为NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^- > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺,SNA（SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺）浓度达123.37 μg·m^-3,占PM_2.5的61.2%,且NO₃^-占比达30.2%, NO₃^-/SO₄^2-值为1.98,说明移动源对水溶性组分的贡献大于固定源. PMF受体解析结果按污染源贡献量大小依次为：机动车源（34.9%）、二次源（24.6%）、燃煤源（20.2%）、扬尘源（9.2%）、生物质及烟花爆竹源（8.2%）和工业源（2.9%）,机动车和燃煤燃烧是造成大气重污染的主要排放源.气象分析表明,与清洁时段相比,重污染期间大气整体处于有利于颗粒物二次生成和不利于污染扩散的条件下,整体温度偏低（3.2 ℃）,相对湿度较高（67%）,风速较弱（1.3 m·s^-1）.除本地污染物的累积外,来自偏东和偏南方向的短距离传输及东北方向中长距离输送（分别占外界传输的36.4%、22.6%和22.0%）也是造成郑州重污染天气的重要原因.     

微塑料对水中铜离子和四环素的吸附行为

微塑料作为载体可与水中重金属、抗生素结合进而形成复合污染,这改变了污染物原有的环境行为与危害性.微塑料与重金属及抗生素间的作用途径与机制是评价其环境风险及毒理学机制的前提.目前有关微塑料与重金属及抗生素间的相互作用机制尚不清晰.以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和通用级聚苯乙烯(GPPS)颗粒作为代表,研究了微塑料在单一体系和复合体系中对Cu~(2+)和四环素的吸附行为,并就相关机制进行了探讨.结果表明,单一体系中,GPPS和HDPE分别对TC和Cu~(2+)表现出更大的平衡吸附量;复合体系中,GPPS对Cu~(2+)和TC的平衡吸附量均大于HDPE,且2种微塑料的吸附能力均较单一体系有所提高.准二级动力学模型对微塑料吸附过程的描述更为合理,吸附过程可划分为表面吸附和孔内扩散2个阶段.Langmuir等温吸附模型较Freundlich等温吸附模型更符合实验情形.单一体系中,GPPS和HDPE对Cu~(2+)和TC的饱和吸附量分别为0.178、 0.257、 0.334和0.194μmol·g~(-1),而在复合体系中,相应的饱和吸附量则分别增大至0.529、 0.411、 0.471和0.341μmol·g~(-1).表面形态特征及化学官能团的不同是导致GPPS和HDPE吸附行为差异的主要原因.体系pH影响微塑料和吸附对象的存在形态及表面电性,继而影响平衡吸附量.环境温度在15～35℃范围时,提高温度不利于微塑料的吸附.Cu~(2+)和TC在共存条件下可产生协同效应,络合物的形成及相互间的桥接作用使得二者更易于被微塑料吸附.     

蛤蟆通河流域地下水化学特征及控制因素

为研究蛤蟆通河流域水化学特征及主要离子来源,2017年先后采集地下水样品59组,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了蛤蟆通流域地下水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了蛤蟆通流域的水化学演化规律及主要离子来源.结果表明,该区地下水阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主,占阳离子总量的质量分数为22. 1%～72. 4%,平均为48. 7%;阴离子以HCO_3~-为主,占阴离子总量的质量分数为35. 3%～97. 5%,平均为80%; TDS介于93. 3～521. 1 mg·L~(-1),平均值为219. 1 mg·L~(-1),均为淡水;地下水类型以HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca·Na型水为主;地下水样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;通过离子来源分析,该区主要离子来源于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化溶解.     

三峡库区澎溪河回水区溶解态金属离子来源和时空分布特征分析

以三峡库区北岸最大支流澎溪河的高阳平湖段为例,探讨随着调水方式导致的水位变化,三峡库区支流金属离子Ca、Zn、Fe、Cr、Pb、Cu和Hg等在时间、水平和垂直空间维度上的分布和动态.在2013年6月5日~2014年5月29日为期1 a的采样周期内于澎溪河长年回水区高阳平湖的4个采样点采样共21次,平均每17.3 d采集一次.水体样品分别采自水体表层(0~0.5 m)、中层和底层(底泥以上0.5 m).冬季水体不分层期间,中层样品采自水深1/2处,分层时则采自温跃层.应用RBR-80220型水质自动分析仪监测各样点水温、电导率、水深等数据.水样采用冷原子吸收法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定各金属质量浓度.运用Excel、SPSS软件进行数据统计分析;以Hg离子为例,利用Matlab软件构建各水位时期金属离子质量浓度分布三维柱状图.结果表明:(1)从水体可溶性金属离子质量浓度角度,澎溪河水质总体较好,Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Hg等离子均低于地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质标准相应离子质量浓度;(2)在来源上,Cr、Pb和Cu等离子来源于干流回水;Fe和Zn离子来源于澎溪河内源;Hg离子来源受干流回水和内源影响.金属离子随着温度分层出现质量浓度分层现象;(3)影响高阳平湖电导率的主要物质是非金属离子.     

春季沙尘过程北京市不同粒径大气气溶胶污染特征及来源分析

为了解沙尘气溶胶在大气中的物理、化学特性演变,于2017年5月北京沙尘暴发期间,对北京大气中不同粒径颗粒物的质量浓度进行了连续观测,并用离子色谱仪和水溶性有机碳分析仪对其中的主要水溶性化学组分进行了检测.结果表明,沙尘期间TSP及其中的水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)和水溶性无机离子的平均质量浓度分别为(2237.59±681.49)、(29.90±18.05)、(1.46±3.05)、(67.35±29.07)和(136.75±46.38)μg·m~(-3),除EC变化不大外,其他成分沙尘期浓度远高于非沙尘期,其中Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、WSOC的浓度分别为沙尘前的11.55、3.00、14.88、14.89、9.40、4.60、2.40、3.91、1.83倍,浓度增长最为明显的是地壳元素离子,变化最小的为NH_4~+和NO_3~-;粒径分析表明,地壳元素离子在整个采样期间均在粗粒径段(4.7~5.8μm)表现出最大浓度;沙尘期间SO_4~(2-)及NO_3~-均以粗模态为主,沙尘结束后SO_4~(2-)在0.43~0.65μm粒径段出现峰值,而NO_3~-依然是在4.7~5.8μm粒径段出现峰值,表明大部分NO_3~-主要以非均相反应存在于粗粒径段中.沙尘期SO_4~(2-)与地壳元素离子表现显著的正相关关系,与NH_4~+没有表现出相关性,表明沙尘期SO_4~(2-)主要来自于沙尘携带的一次来源,非沙尘期SO_4~(2-)与地壳元素没有明显的相关性,而与NH_4~+之间相关系数r=0.70,表明其为非均相二次转化形成.NO_3~-与地壳元素离子和NH_4~+的相关性分析表明其在沙尘期既有一次来源,也有二次转化,而在非沙尘期主要来源于二次转化过程.