赤泥对电解锰渣中可溶性锰离子固化效果研究

为了探讨赤泥固化电解锰渣中可溶性锰离子的固化效果和可行性,本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等分析手段,对比评估了新鲜赤泥、陈旧赤泥(堆放1年以上)、生石灰以及陈旧赤泥复合生石灰等固化剂在不同添加剂量下对电解锰渣中可溶性锰离子的固化效果,并初步阐释了赤泥固化电解锰渣中可溶性...     

Impact of Post-Methanation Distillery Effluent Irrigation on Groundwater Quality

Molasses-based distilleries generate large quantities of effluent, which is used for irrigation in many countries including India. The effluent is rich in organic and inorganic ions, which may leach down and pollute the groundwater. An on-farm experiment was conducted to assess the impact of long-term irrigation with post-methanation distillery effluent (PMDE) on nitrate, sulphate, chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium contents in the groundwater of two sites in northwest India. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and colour were also determined to assess the chemical load in the groundwater. Nitrate content in the groundwater samples ranged from 16.95 mg L⁻¹ in the unamended fields to 59.81 mg L⁻¹ in the PMDE-amended fields during the 2-year study (2001–2002). Concentrations of TDS in water samples from tubewell of the amended field was higher by 40.4% over the tubewell water of the unamended field. Colour of the water samples of the amended fields was also darker than that of the unamended fields. The study indicated that the organic and inorganic ions added through the effluent could pose a serious threat to the groundwater quality if applied without proper monitoring.     

聊城市冬季PM2.5及水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析

为研究聊城市冬季PM_2.5污染特征,于2016年1月7-29日在聊城市区对PM_2.5样品进行了采集,并对其水溶性离子（包括F-、Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、NH₄+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+）进行了分析.结果显示:观测期间聊城市ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为（192.4±88.9）μg/m3,超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》日均二级标准限值的1.6倍.水溶性离子质量浓度为（77.4±46.9）μg/m3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的40.2%,其中SNA（NO₃-、SO₄2-和NH₄+）为主要离子,占水溶性离子比例达82.5%.轻度、中度、重度及严重污染时PM_2.5中水溶性离子质量浓度分别为（32.49±3.67）（46.26±17.66）（77.11±11.64）和（139.21±51.71）μg/m3,SNA分别占ρ（PM_2.5）的24.4%、26.7%、30.4%和39.0%,随着污染程度加重,SNA比例升高.观测期间SOR（硫转化率）与NOR（氮转化率）的平均值分别为0.18和0.20,随着ρ（PM_2.5）升高,SOR及NOR明显上升,表明冬季PM_2.5污染越严重时SO₂与NO₂的转化速率越强,二次无机污染严重.主成分分析结果表明,二次转化、扬尘源及工业生产为水溶性离子的主要来源.后向气流轨迹结果显示,观测期间污染气团主要来源于西北方向,受内蒙古及河北城市影响较大,但当污染气团来源于周边城市且天气静稳时,颗粒物浓度最高.研究显示,聊城市冬季PM_2.5污染较为严重.      

Chemical characteristics of haze particles in Xi'an during Chinese Spring Festival: Impact of fireworks burning

Fireworks burning releases massive fine particles and gaseous pollutants, significantly deteriorating air quality during Chinese Lunar New Year(LNY) period. To investigate the impact of the fireworks burning on the atmospheric aerosol chemistry, 1-hr time resolution of PM_(2.5) samples in Xi'an during the winter of 2016 including the LNY were collected and detected for inorganic ions, acidity and liquid water content(LWC) of the fine aerosols. PM_(2.5) during the LNY was 167 ± 87 μg/m~3, two times higher than the China National Ambient Air Quality Standard(75 μg/m~3). K~+(28 wt.% of the total ion mass) was the most abundant ion in the LNY period, followed by SO_4~(2-)(25 wt.%) and Cl-(18 wt.%). In contrast, NO_3~-(34 wt.%) was the most abundant species in the haze periods(hourly PM32-2.5 75 μg/m), followed by SO_4(29.2 wt.%) and NH_4~+(16.3 wt.%), while SO_4~(2-)(35 wt.%) was the most abundant species in the clean periods(hourly PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3), followed by NO_3~-(23.1 wt.%) and NH_4~+(11 wt.%). Being different from the acidic nature in the non-LNY periods, aerosol in the LNY period presented an alkaline nature with a pH value of 7.8 ± 1.3. LWC during the LNY period showed a robust linear correlation with K_2SO_4 and KCl, suggesting that aerosol hygroscopicity was dominated by inorganic salts derived from fireworks burning. Analysis of correlations between the ratios of NO--3/SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+/SO_4~(2-) indicated that heterogeneous reaction of HNO_3 with NH_3 was an important formation pathway of particulate nitrate and ammonium during the LNY period.     

典型“组群式”城市夏季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子化学特征及来源

为探究典型“组群式”城市——淄博市夏季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子化学特征及来源,于2016年8月对淄博市6个城市点（桓台、张店、临淄、淄川、博山、周村）、2个郊区点（沂源、高青）及1个清洁对照点（鲁山）同步进行PM_2.5和PM₁₀采样,分析了大气颗粒物质量浓度及9种水溶性离子的空间分布特征,并利用主成分分析方法探讨了PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性离子的主要来源.结果表明:①淄博夏季各点位（清洁对照点除外）PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度日均值范围分别为57.2~112和77.4~163 μg/m3,空间分布特征表现为城市点>郊区点>清洁对照点;各点位PM_2.5/PM₁₀（质量浓度之比）在0.61~0.80之间,表明淄博夏季大气颗粒物污染以PM_2.5为主.②水溶性离子在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中占比分别为53.3%和48.5%,其中二次无机离子分别占总离子浓度的91.4%和83.7%,表明大气颗粒物主要以二次离子为主,并且主要富集在PM_2.5中;PM_2.5中∑阴离子/∑阳离子（摩尔浓度之比）为1.07,PM₁₀中该比值为0.87,说明PM_2.5接近中性,而PM₁₀呈弱碱性.③淄博夏季各点位离子来源具有一定的空间差异性,城市点、郊区点与清洁对照点间的CD（分歧系数）均高于0.2,而城市点间CD值低于0.2,说明城市点位间的水溶性离子的化学性质较为相似.④主成分分析表明,淄博夏季大气PM_2.5中的水溶性离子可能主要来源于工业源、生物质锅炉、燃煤、二次源、道路尘及建筑尘,而PM₁₀中的离子主要来源于道路尘、建筑尘、海盐及二次源.研究显示,淄博市颗粒物污染严重,具有明显的空间分布特征,水溶性离子来源复杂,应采取分区、多源控制的污染防治对策.      

UiO-66/UiO-66-PYDC的制备及其对UO22+吸附性研究

通过水热法合成了两种锆基有机骨架材料,采用XRD、SEM、IR、TG、EDS、BET等技术对材料的结构和形貌进行了表征,并通过静态吸附实验在不同条件下测试所制材料对UO2+2的吸附性能,考察了时间、温度、初始铀浓度、pH、CO2-3对吸附的影响.结果表明:Ui O-66体系对铀酰离子的吸附以化学吸附为主,通过表面的羧基官能团与铀酰离子结合从而达到吸附的目的.此外,本实验中材料的比表面积对吸附的影响不明显.在初始最佳pH为10.5的条件下,通过热力学模型拟合发现,低浓度下Ui O-66拥有更大的吸附量.随着溶液中初始铀酰离子浓度的升高,Ui O-66-PYDC展现出更好的吸附效果.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou, China

PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Zhengzhou during 3 years of observation, and chemical characteristics and source contribution were analyzed. Approximately 96% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations and annual average values exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Daily and Annual Standards, indicating serious PM_(2.5) pollution. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was 2.4 times higher in heavily polluted days(daily PM32.5 concentrations 250 μg/mand visibility 3 km) than that in other days, with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium as major ions. According to the ratio of NO-3/SO2-4,stationary sources are still the dominant source of PM_(2.5) and vehicle emission could not be ignored. The ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon indicated that photochemical reactivity in heavily polluted days was more intense than in other days.Crustal elements were the most abundant elements, accounting for more than 60% of 23 elements. Chemical Mass Balance results indicated that the contributions of major sources(i.e., nitrate, sulfate, biomass, carbon and refractory material, coal combustion, soil dust,vehicle, and industry) of PM_(2.5) were 13%, 16%, 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, and 8% in heavily polluted days and 20%, 18%, 9%, 2%, 27%, 14%, 15%, and 9% in other days, respectively.Extensive combustion activities were the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the episode(Jan 1-9, 2015) and the total benzo[a]pyrene equivalency concentrations in heavily polluted days present significant health threat. Because of the effect of regional transport, the pollution level of PM_(2.5) in the study area was aggravated.     

南京北郊水溶性离子污染特征及其光学特性

为了分析南京北郊水溶性离子污染特征及其消光贡献,于2017年3月15日~4月15日、7月和10月开展了PM_2.5观测实验,分析了南京春夏秋3个季节的PM_2.5及其组分浓度特征、水溶性离子及其前体物转化特征以及水溶性离子的光学特性.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5的质量浓度为（93.8±40.3）μg/m³,其中54.2%为水溶性离子,其总质量浓度为（50.9±25.6）μg/m³,而二次水溶性离子（SNA）占水溶性离子的76.8%.各水溶性离子组分分布为：NO₃^- > SO₄^2- > NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Cl^- > NO₂^- > K⁺ > F^- > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺.在季节变化上,PM_2.5和主要水溶性离子均为春季高,夏季低,但夏季NO₃^-4^2-.硫转化率（SOR）和氮转化率（NOR）在采样期的均值分别为0.38、0.22,这说明南京有较强的二次转化过程.采样期间,平均[NO₃^-]/[SO₄^2-]的值为1,这说明水溶性离子主要来源于移动源的排放.通过IMPROVE公式计算的大气消光系数低于实际值,但能够较为准确的反映出南京消光系数的趋势.各组分消光贡献从大到小分别为（NH₄）₂SO₄（38.9%）、NH₄NO₃（36.7%）、POM（13.6%）、EC（9.3%）、NO₂（1.5%）.其中SNA的消光贡献占70%以上,春季的SNA消光贡献最大,而夏季的最小.     

基于高分辨率MARGA分析成都市PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征

利用高分辨率MARGA对2019年成都市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子展开连续监测,结合气象参数分析水溶性离子污染特征.结果表明,MARGA监测的8种水溶性离子质量浓度与PM_(2.5)变化趋势一致,水溶性离子年均浓度为(23.1±13.6)μg·m~(-3),在PM_(2.5)中占比为48.6%,表明水溶性离子为PM_(2.5)重要组分.各离子质量浓度大小顺序依次为:NO~-_3、 SO_4~(2-)、 NH~+_4、 Cl~-、 Ca~(2+)、 K~+、 Mg~(2+)和Na~+,其中二次离子(NO~-_3、 SO_4~(2-)和NH~+_4)年均质量浓度为(20.2±2.7)μg·m~(-3),在水溶性离子占比为87.2%.水溶性离子质量浓度季节变化趋势为:冬季春季≈秋季夏季,逐月变化呈"U"型, 1月和12月浓度最高, 6～8月浓度最低.无论有无降雨,能见度均随水溶性离子浓度的增加呈幂指数递减规律,且SNA为首要影响因素.降小雨(日累计降雨量10 mm)对水溶性离子无清除作用,中雨及以上时清除作用显著.SNA在0.01水平上显著相关(两两之间相关系数均大于0.7),表明二次离子生成机制及在大气中演变过程具有较高的相似性.硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)年均值分别为0.42和0.12,与温度和O_3均呈负相关性,与湿度均呈正相关性,表明SO_4~(2-)来源主要为液相非均相氧化反应,NO~-_3来源主要为夜间非均相氧化反应.阳离子和阴离子电荷比(CE/AE)年均值为1.2,二次离子中和率(NR)年均值为1.1,表明气溶胶整体呈弱碱性.成都市大气环境处于富氨状态,二次离子存在形式主要为(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3.