厌氧颗粒污泥吸附去除废水中Hg2+的研究

在实验室条件下,以静态、序批的方法研究了厌氧颗粒污泥对废水中Hg²⁺的吸附特性及环境条件对其吸附能力的影响,并通过红外光谱和能谱对比手段,初步探讨了厌氧颗粒污泥吸附Hg²⁺的机理。结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥对Hg²⁺的吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型,其吸附等温线与Freundlich型拟合得较好(R²=0.9933);pH是影响吸附的重要因素,在pH值为3～8的范围内,吸附量较大,最大为64.64 mg/g,当pH值大于8或小于3时,吸附量逐渐下降;温度对吸附也有一定的影响,但影响程度不明显。红外光谱和能谱分析表明,厌氧颗粒污泥表面功能基团对Hg²⁺的络合作用是吸附的主要机理,这些基团包括—CH、—CH₂ 、—CH₃、P—H、CO、C—N、PO、SO及C—H,同时在吸附过程中还存在一定的离子交换吸附。     

Zeolite formation from coal fly ash and heavy metal ion removal characteristics of thus-obtained Zeolite X in multi-metal systems

Zeolitic materials have been prepared from coal fly ash as well as from a SiO₂–Al₂O₃ system upon NaOH fusion treatment, followed by subsequent hydrothermal processing at various NaOH concentrations and reaction times. During the preparation process, the starting material initially decomposed to an amorphous form, and the nucleation process of the zeolite began. The carbon content of the starting material influenced the formation of the zeolite by providing an active surface for nucleation. Zeolite A (Na-A) was transformed into zeolite X (Na-X) with increasing NaOH concentration and reaction time. The adsorption isotherms of the obtained Na-X based on the characteristics required to remove heavy ions such as Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were examined in multi-metal systems. Thus obtained experimental data suggests that the Langmuir and Freundlich models are more accurate compared to the Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich (DKR) model. However, the sorption energy obtained from the DKR model was helpful in elucidating the mechanism of the sorption process. Further, in going from a single- to multi-metal system, the degree of fitting for the Freundlich model compared with the Langmuir model was favored due to its basic assumption of a heterogeneity factor. The Extended-Langmuir model may be used in multi-metal systems, but gives a lower value for equilibrium sorption compared with the Langmuir model.     

重金属离子对活性污泥处理污水的影响

研究了Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+3种金属离子对活性污泥系统处理污水效能的影响。通过对出水理化指标和生物指标的测定反映Hg2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对活性污泥系统运转效能的影响。结果表明:实验第4 d,Hg2+(0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/L),Cd2+(15、20、25和30 mg/L)和Pb2+(300、400、600和800 mg/L)各实验组出水的COD、SVI等均有显著影响。在实验中得出,对COD影响最为明显的为浓度600 mg/L和800 mg/L Pb2+实验组,在第4 d时,出水的COD去除率已经为零。锐利楯纤虫对Hg2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;点钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强;杯钟虫对Cd2+的浓度变化耐受力较强。锐利楯纤虫对Pb2+和Cd2+的浓度变化较为敏感;点钟虫对Hg2+的浓度变化较为敏感;小口钟虫对Pb2+的浓度变化较为敏感。     

Evaluation of Bulk Deposition in Protected Woodland Area in Western Poland

Research on precipitation carried out systematically at the University station at Jeziory in the Wielkopolski National Park (western Poland) allowed the determination of pollutants deposited with precipitation in this forest ecosystem. During 13 years of study, the pH of precipitation was found to persist at a low level (4.33 on average), which resulted a substantial deposition of H⁺. Values of acidifying and basic ions deposited in this area were determined and compared with the respective figures obtained at selected EMEP stations studying background pollution, the means for Poland, and areas subjected to considerable human impact. The use of the critical load function made it possible to establish that the S and N deposition for 2002–2005 were below its line.     

可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤CI~-吸附特性的研究

对不同浓度ＫＣＬ和不同ｐＨ下,３种可变电荷土壤和４种恒电荷土壤ＣＩ－吸附量进行了测定。结果表明,土壤ＣＩ－吸附量随平衡 ＣＩ－浓度 Ｃ（ｅ）增加而增大,恒电荷土壤呈线性,可变电荷土壤在添加 ＣＩ－ ０．５－５．０ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ．下,符合 Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式。同一浓度下的ＣＩ－吸附量及其随浓度增加的速率均为砖红壤＞红壤＞赤红壤＞黄棕壤＞棕壤、暗棕壤和黑土,与这些土壤所带正电荷量顺序相一致。Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程Ｋ值较小且几种土壤差异不大。恒电荷土壤对ＣＩ－的吸附量很小,在浓度较低时常出现负吸附,其吸附机理可能更多的是与Ｋ＋吸附时的同时吸附。７种土壤ＣＩ－吸附量均随ｐＨ增加而降低,但降低强度可变电荷土壤远大于恒电荷土壤。     

Hydrochemistry of Wet Atmospheric Precipitation Over an Urban Area in Northern Indo-Gangetic Plains

Rain water samples were collected to study the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation (first event) over the Lucknow city in the northern Indo-gangetic alluvial plains. The samples were collected in the month of July, 2005 from different sites. The wet precipitation samples were analyzed for pH, EC, major ions (, Cl⁻, , , , F⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, ) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Hg, Pb, Se, Sn, Ti, V, Zn). The pH values of wet precipitation samples ranged between 6.5 and 8.7. The analysis of linear regression applied to the set of studied variables and computation of neutralization factors showed that neutralization occurred in precipitation samples and Ca²⁺ had the maximum neutralization capacity. It was found that Cl⁻, , Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ in the precipitation samples originated mainly from crustal/anthropogenic sources in the region. On an average Fe, and Al accounted for >72% of the total concentration of trace metals in the wet precipitation samples followed by Zn (>10%). Enrichment factors calculated for heavy metals over reference background level in seawater and Earth’s crust showed relatively higher enrichment of Zn. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified the possible sources of ionic species and heavy metals in the wet precipitation samples.     

土壤中常见离子在紫外区的吸收特Ⅰ.低浓度离子溶液

将分析纯物质配制成10μg/ml浓度,应用岛津UV-1601紫外分光光度计,在波长190~335nm内扫描溶液的吸收峰,结果表明,硝酸相盐物质在201nm处有一稳定的吸收峰,吸收值与浓度成良好的线性关系,相对于硝酸盐物质而言,亚硝酸钠吸收峰红移至210nm,CaSO4、SrCl2均呈现低吸收,但其吸收峰在<200nm的远紫外区,在该浓度下,NH4Cl、HCl和KCl均呈现低吸收,并集中在远紫外区,而KH2PO4和NH4F几乎没有吸收．     

土壤中常见离子在紫外区的吸收特性──Ⅱ.高浓度离子溶液与低浓度混合

探讨不同离子浓度与不同无机溶液的混合对紫外光吸收的影响,结果表明,盐酸盐在较高浓度下吸收值迅速增大,吸收峰向红区移动,而硫酸盐在远紫区有一定程度的吸收,KH2PO4与NH4F接近无吸收。多数情况下,无机溶液对紫外光的吸收主要决定于阴离子类型,而与阳离子无关.不同类型溶液的混合基本不改变溶液的吸收特性,硝酸盐在低浓度下对紫外的吸收极为稳定,基本不受共存离子的干扰。0.01mol/LCuSO4与2mol/LKCI吸收峰与硝酸盐吸收峰重叠,但饱和CaSO4与硝酸盐吸收峰不重叠。     

武汉市春季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子特征

运用大气PM_(2.5)水溶性组分及其气态前体物在线监测系统(GAC-IC)于2017年3月5—12日对武汉市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性组分进行了在线监测,分析了PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性离子的化学特征和作用机制。结果表明:实验期间武汉市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性组分与气态前体物间存在明显的二次转化过程,二次反应是PM_(2.5)的重要来源。监测期间,PM_(2.5)中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+的平均质量浓度分别为24.3、16.9、15.0μg/m~3,是PM_(2.5)中重要的水溶性无机离子,占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的40%~70%。硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)平均值分别为0.52和0.27,表现出较为明显的二次污染特征。通过相关性分析发现:监测点位周边大气PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+与NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)有良好的相关性,且表现为富氨状态,大气中铵能较好地中和SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-。     

春节烟花爆竹燃放期间苏州市区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析

使用在线离子色谱分析了苏州市区春节期间PM2.5中水溶性离子.结果表明：春节期间存在2个空气污染高峰时段（初一和初五）,其中初一凌晨PM2.5达到最高峰,小时质量浓度为571μg/m3;烟花爆竹集中燃放时段,PM2.5中K＋、Cl-、Mg2＋质量浓度明显上升,初-凌晨与腊月三十凌晨相比,K＋、Cl-、Mg2＋质量浓度分别增加了117倍、80.7倍、18.0倍;相关性分析表明,PM2.5中K＋、Mg2＋、Na＋、Ca2＋在烟花爆竹燃放时段可能具有相同的来源.