基于状态的维修——信息化环境下精确维修的利刃

分析了当前装备维修所面临的信息化战场环境,阐述了信息化环境下装备精确维修的必要性,介绍了维修的分类和基于状态的维修(CBM)概念,分析了CBM的特点,介绍了CBM的研究现状,阐述了CBM的技术可行性。在此基础上,进一步分析了信息化环境下基于CBM的装备精确维修流程。     

正交实验在气浮法条件筛选中的应用研究

正交试验是研究多因素多水平的一种设计方法,它是根据正交性从全面试验中挑选出部分有代表一t~．ej点进行试验,这些有代表性的点具备了“均匀分散,齐整可比”的特点,正交试验设计是分析因式设计的主要方法。是一种高效率、快速、经济的实验设计方法。将正交试验选择的水平组合列成表格,称为正交表。本文选择对溶气气浮法为研究对象。通过PAC的加入量、沉降时间、搅拌强度和搅拌时间等因素对废水的混凝处理效果有较大影响,为确定各因素的最佳值和影响效果的主次关系,选择影响较大的因素,采用正交实验确定设备最佳的运行条件。     

重度滴滴涕污染土壤低温等离子体修复条件优化研究

采用介质阻挡放电产生的低温等离子体对重度滴滴涕(DDTs)污染土壤进行修复处理实验,主要研究了土壤性质参数(土壤粒径和土壤含水量)和设备工作参数(放电功率、处理时间和放电气氛)对DDTs去除的影响.结果表明,采用介质阻挡放电产生的低温等离子体对土壤中的DDTs具有较好的去除作用,去除率随着处理时间的增加而升高.当处理时间增加至20min时,DDTs的去除率为95.3%～99.9%.同时确定优化条件为:放电功率1 kW、处理时间20 min、空气放电气氛、土壤粒径0～0.9 mm以及土壤含水量4.5%～10.5%.研究结果还表明,o,p’-DDE可能是o,p’-DDT氧化脱氯脱氢的中间产物.     

湖南省绥宁县黄桑坪自然保护区植物群落多样性分析

通过对湖南省绥宁县黄桑自然保护区的植物群落特征及物种多样性的分析,结果表明:1)可将黄桑自然保护区的滩地、撂荒地和山坡地划分为3种群落类型:鱼腥草-蕨群丛、早熟禾-井栏边草群丛和杉木+马尾松-三尖杉+水苏-莎草+地稔群丛;2)植物多样性指数的大小顺序为:Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Simpson指数(D)和ShannonWiener指数(H)的大小顺序为:山坡地(S,D,H)撂荒地(S,D,H)滩地(S,D,H),Pielou均匀度指数(E)的大小顺序为:潍地(E)撂荒地(E)山坡地(E);3)3种样地之间的物种Czekanowski相似性系数(CC)较低,在0.0001~0.356 8之间,样地内的物种相似性指数(CC)沿滩地→撂荒地→山坡地的顺序递减;(4)相关分析表明:S、D、H之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),E与S、D、H呈显著负相关(P0.05).生境条件差异是物种多样性差异形成的直接原因.表3,参16.     

Streptomyces venezuelae GY1产聚乙烯醇降解酶的培养条件

放线菌StreptomycesvenezuelaeGY1产生的聚乙烯醇(PVA)降解酶是一种诱导酶.以4种不同类型的PVA为唯一碳源时,该菌株单位质量细胞产酶能力比以糖类物质为唯一碳源时提高10倍以上.聚合度和醇解度最高的PVA1799是该菌株产生PVA降解酶的适宜底物,其浓度为1gL-1时,PVA降解酶的产量为120u/g(细胞).培养基中PVA1799浓度由1gL-1上升到5gL-1时,该菌株单位质量细胞产酶能力下降73%,表明PVA1799浓度过高会抑制产酶.GY1菌株产酶的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0.在GY1菌株生长过程中控制以下条件有利于产生PVA降解酶:(1)保持培养体系中较高的溶氧水平;(2)在氮源中补充NO-3;(3)在一定浓度范围内添加MgSO4·7H2O、CaCl2、MnSO4、BaCl2、ZnSO4、FeSO4·7H2O和CuSO4等金属盐.Pseudomonassp.产生的PVA降解酶能够作用伯醇或仲醇类化合物,以这些伯醇或仲醇类化合物代替培养基中的PVA,不能诱导GY1菌株产生PVA降解酶;而在培养基中有PVA存在时,再添加0.5gL-1的3戊醇和环己醇能够明显促进PVA降解酶的产生(单位质量细胞产酶能力分别提高了21%和32%).图8表1参10     

MORPH—An individual-based model to predict the effect of environmental change on foraging animal populations

This paper describes an individual-based model, MORPH, that has been designed to predict the effect of environmental change on foraging animal populations. The key assumptions of MORPH are that individuals within populations behave in order to maximise their perceived fitness, but that perceived fitness may not always be positively related to the actual chances of survival and reproduction. MORPH has been parameterised for coastal birds on several European sites and predicted the effect of environmental change, caused by factors such as habitat loss, disturbance from humans and sea-level rise, on the survival and body condition of these species. However, MORPH contains a basic framework to describe animal physiology and foraging behaviour, and the distribution and abundance of the resources required by these animals. Therefore, MORPH is not restricted to coastal birds, and is potentially applicable to a wider range of systems. To be applied to a forager system, MORPH requires parameters describing (i) the distribution of the food supply and how food quality and abundance changes through time; (ii) the rate at which foragers consume food given the abundance of food and competitors; (iii) the amount of food the forager must consume each day to survive; (iv) the distribution and seasonal changes in other factors which influence the foraging behaviour and survival of foragers. The purpose of this paper is to (i) describe MORPH, (ii) give examples of its application, (iii) describe the types of systems to which MORPH can be applied, and (iv) publish its source code and a user guide.     

Rethinking the study of human–wildlife coexistence

Although coexistence with wildlife is a key goal of conservation, little is known about it or how to study it. By coexistence we mean a sustainable though dynamic state in which humans and wildlife coadapt to sharing landscapes, where human interactions with wildlife are effectively governed to ensure wildlife populations persist in socially legitimate ways that ensure tolerable risk levels. Problems that arise from current conflict-oriented framing of human–wildlife interactions include reinforcing a human–nature dichotomy as fundamentally oppositional, suggesting coexistence requires the absence of conflict, and skewing research and management toward direct negative impacts over indirect impacts and positive aspects of living with wildlife. Human behavior toward wildlife is framed as rational calculus of costs and benefits, sidelining emotional and cultural dimensions of these interactions. Coexistence is less studied due to unfamiliarity with relevant methodologies, including qualitative methods, self-reflexivity and ethical rigor, and constraints on funding and time. These challenges are illustrated with examples from fieldwork in India and Africa. We recommend a basic approach to case studies aimed at expanding the scope of inquiries into human–wildlife relations beyond studies of rational behavior and quantification of costs and benefits of wildlife to humans.     

3个深入内陆热带气旋产生大暴雨的成因——对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP等资料,对2006年3个深入内陆的热带气旋产生大暴雨的水汽、动力和热力条件进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)碧利斯虽强度属3个热带气旋中最弱的一个(只达强热带风暴等级),但由于它与南侧强西南季风结合,使其产生暴雨的水汽、动力和热力条件异常强盛,因而导致其暴雨强度最强、范围最大、灾害最严重;(2)螺旋度垂直分量20×10-7hPa.s-2等值线包围区的水平范围和螺旋度正值区垂直伸展高度及各层中心值强度与暴雨强弱有较好的关系,且暴雨区主要落在700 hPa 20×10-7hPa.s-2等值线包围区内;(3)暴雨发生时,3个热带气旋的湿位涡MPV1场均呈现下负上正分布,说明低层为不稳定层,同时均出现高层MPV1正值区向低层下伸的现象,反映不稳定能量开始释放;(4)由于3个热带气旋均未与冷空气结合,故MPV2值均较小,因此湿位涡的湿正压项(MPV1)对产生暴雨的作用大于湿斜压项(MPV2)。     

硫酸盐还原菌厌氧颗粒污泥的形成条件

硫酸盐还原菌是利用硫酸盐或其他氧化态硫化物作为电子受体来异化有机物的严格厌氧菌。介绍了硫酸盐还原菌的生物化学性质、代谢机理和生理学特征，综述了硫酸盐还原菌厌氧颗粒污泥的形成条件和影响因素，如进水SO4^2-含量，碳源、氮源和磷源，COD与SO4^2-质量浓度比，H2S，pH，温度，氧气及微量元素等。     

种龄、种内竞争及环境因子对紫茎泽兰种子萌发影响的研究

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng）,菊科多年生草本或半灌木植物,是世界性入侵杂草,也是目前危害我国最为严重的外来入侵杂草之一,对我国西南地区农业、畜牧业的良好发展以及生态环境造成了严重的危害。种子繁殖是紫茎泽兰初始建群,尤其是远距离传播的主要途径。环境对种子萌发具有决定性作用,对于物种的生存具有重要意义。因此,本试验通过室内生测法分析了紫茎泽兰种子保存时间、种内竞争及环境温度、盐分胁迫及水分胁迫等因素对紫茎泽兰种子萌发的影响。结果表明：紫茎泽兰种子寿命较长,存放2.5年的种子萌发率仍可达45.67%;紫茎泽兰种子萌发时种内竞争作用较强,能够显著降低其种子的萌发势和萌发率;紫茎泽兰种子萌发所需的温度范围较宽,在12~30℃温度范围内均可萌发,且随环境温度的升高,种子萌发越快,萌发率越高,高温（30℃/22℃）处理下种子萌发率可达到90.33%;同时发现,紫茎泽兰种子萌发对环境中的盐分浓度十分敏感,0.25%的盐质量分数即可达到种子的致死水平,1%的盐质量分数处理即可使种子完全丧失萌发能力。紫茎泽兰种子较耐水淹环境,浸水处理6 d的种子的萌发率仍高达65.68%。由此表明,紫茎泽兰种子不适应盐碱环境,而适宜于温暖潮湿的自然环境。这为探析紫茎泽兰种子萌发活动生理提供了一定的基础资料,同时,也为有效、安全的防除紫茎泽兰提供了科学依据。