安全认知观念的研究与决策分析

通过分析当前石油石化企业发生的事故数据,发现由于人为因素造成的事故时有发生,给企业安全生产造成重大影响。为了深入了解造成事故发生的人为因素产生根源,笔者通过多种方式获取资料,利用系统论研究方法,得出了企业员工和管理者普遍存在的安全认知观念。在此基础上,提出员工和管理者之间推荐的共同安全认知观念,从观念上让员工和管理者对不安全行为形成一致的认知,并在减少员工不安全行为、规范员工的安全行为方面给出了行之有效的解决方法,即在企业推行行为安全管理工具-HSE观察卡。应用结果表明,通过推行HSE观察卡,可有效提高企业员工在现场作业活动中的安全作业意识,从而避免或减少由于人的不安全行为造成事故发生率,提升了企业安全生产水平。     

复杂系统中人误原因因素的层次分析法

介绍和评析了人误分析历史上有重要影响的几种人误原因因素分类方法:传统人因分类法、信息处理分类法和认知系统工程分类法.基于认知可靠性及失误分析方法(CREAM)的人误原因因素分类,运用层次分析法(AHP)基本原理,建立了大规模复杂人-机系统人误原因因素层次结构模型及相应的AHP程序,并以JCO公司超临界事故为实例进行了分析.分析和应用结果表明,本文所建立的人误原因因素层次结构模型及AHP程序能够辨识出大规模复杂人-机系统中人误的主要原因因素,进而寻找出最优预防方案,对预防和减少此类人误事故的发生有积极意义.     

Exploring simulated driving performance among varsity male soccer players

Background: It is documented that male athletes display riskier behaviors while driving (as well as in life in general) than female athletes and nonathletes. However, the literature has reported that athletes show better driving ability than nonathletes. This paradox between behaviors and abilities motivated the present study to further understand the collision risk of varsity athletes.

Objective: The current study estimates the performance differences between varsity male soccer players and male undergraduate nonathletes on (1) a driving task and (2) three perceptual–cognitive tasks (associated with collision risk prediction; i.e., Useful Field of View [UFOV] test).

Methods: Thirty-five male undergraduate students (15 varsity soccer players, 20 undergraduate nonathletes) took part in this study. Driving performance was assessed during 14?min of urban commuting using a driving simulator. While completing the simulated driving task and UFOV test, the physiological responses were monitored using an electrocardiograph (ECG) to document heart rate variability (HRV).

Results: Varsity soccer players showed more risky behaviors at the wheel compared to their nonathlete student peers. Varsity soccer players spent more time over the speed limit, committed more driving errors, and adopted fewer safe and legal behaviors. However, no difference was observed between both groups on driving skill variables (i.e., vehicle control, vehicle mobility, ecodriving). For subtests 1 and 2 of the UFOV (i.e., processing speed, divided attention), both groups performed identically (i.e., 17?ms). The nonathlete group tended to perform better on the selective attention task (i.e., subtest 3 of UFOV test; 63.2?±?6.2?ms vs. 87.2?±?10.7?ms, respectively; this difference was not significant, P = .76).

Conclusion: Preventive driving measures should be enforced in this high-risk population to develop strategies for risk reduction in male team athletes.     

儿科医护人员汞污染认知调查和职业汞暴露评价

为了解儿科医护人员对汞污染的危害认知和汞泄露后的处置情况及可能的职业汞暴露,选取儿科医护人员31人和对照人群26人为研究对象,通过问卷调查了解其对汞污染危害的认知;测定儿科病房的大气汞含量,分析儿科医护人员的头发和尿液的汞含量,评价其职业汞暴露风险。结果显示,儿科医护人员对汞污染危害的认知较低,对汞泄漏后的处置方式不恰当。儿科病房大气汞含量较高,并由损耗的体温计和血压计造成。儿科医护人员的尿汞平均含量为1.58\"g/L,显著高于对照人群0.70\"g/L。护士工龄和使用美白产品对医护人员的尿汞含量有一定的影响。需要加强儿科医护人员汞危害认知和汞泄露处置的宣传教育,以降低医院汞污染和职业汞暴露风险。     

Occupational Cognitive Failure and Its Relationship With Unsafe Behaviors and Accidents

Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between occupational cognitive failures (OCFs) and unsafe behaviors, accidents and driving offences among municipal bus drivers in Tehran, Iran. Methods. Systematic random sampling was used to select 190 drivers from 3 transport and traffic Tehran districts. Data were collected with the occupational cognitive failure questionnaire (OCFQ), the driver behavior questionnaire and a data collection form. Results. The mean (SD) numbers of driving-related offences and road traffic accidents were 1.5 (2.6) and 0.37 (1.0), respectively. The mean (SD) numbers of deliberate driving violations, unintended violations, driving slips and mistakes were 6.97 (5.5), 1.61 (1.5), 13.6 (9.0) and 4.53 (3.28), respectively. The mean (SD) number of the OCFs was 28.9 (20.5). A significant correlation was found between occupational cognitive error and unsafe driving behavior subscales. The stepwise logistic regression results showed that, while controlling the effects of confounding factors, the OCF predicts 6%, 9%, 15% and 9% of deliberate violations, unintended violations, driving slips and driving mistakes, respectively. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the score of the OCFQ is a predictor of unsafe driving behaviors and its subscales.     

模具在工件反挤压过程中的变形模拟研究

模具在金属塑性成形过程中起着十分重要的作用。就一般而言,模具在金属成形过程中的变形被忽略,将之视为刚性体。然而在金属精密成形中,模具的变形对成形件的尺寸精度将产生较大的影响。利用SuperForm软件针对模具在工件挤压过程中的变形进行了有限元数值模拟,对这一问题作了初步分析与探讨,为工厂实际生产的工艺制定、模具设计提供理论参考与依据。     

基于信息处理和事故链原理的结构化飞行员差错模型

为了对民航飞行员人为差错进行系统分析,研究民航业中常见人为差错的分析方法,指出其局限性.基于信息处理过程和事故链原理,从微观的认知过程和宏观的HFACS框架2个层面构建一种新的飞行员人为差错分析模型,并对模型中的情景分析、差错模式与分类、认知机理、差错恢复、差错成因、反馈机制和防御机制等几大核心模块进行阐述,重点介绍认知机理在差错形成中产生的关键影响因素,提出结构化差错分析方法的思路与步骤.该模型为民航飞行员人为差错的产生机理、差错分类和差错成因的分析提供一种新思路,但模型的进一步应用还有待于通过案例分析来验证.     

A foundation for developing a methodology for social network sampling

Researchers are increasingly turning to network theory to understand the social nature of animal populations. We present a computational framework that is the first step in a series of works that will allow us to develop a quantitative methodology of social network sampling to aid ecologists in their social network data collection. To develop our methodology, we need to be able to generate networks from which to sample. Ideally, we need to perform a systematic study of sampling protocols on different known network structures, as network structure might affect the robustness of any particular sampling methodology. Thus, we present a computational tool for generating network structures that have user-defined distributions for network properties and for key measures of interest to ecologists. The user defines the values of these measures and the tool will generate appropriate network randomizations with those properties. This tool will be used as a framework for developing a sampling methodology, although we do not present a full methodology here. We describe the method used by the tool, demonstrate its effectiveness, and discuss how the tool can now be utilized. We provide a proof-of-concept example (using the assortativity measure) of how such networks can be used, along with a simulated egocentric sampling regime, to test the level of equivalence of the sampled network to the actual network. This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau and R. James).     

我国建筑安全认知水平“身份”测度

为研究不同建筑安全主体群社会学的身份变量与建筑安全认知水平之间的关系,提出监理工程师和施工现场的建筑劳务用工人员2个主体群之间的身份变量与建筑安全认知水平之间的4个差异化假设.实证结果表明:2个主体群具有显著的群体性差别;群体变量验证了建筑安全教育的差别引起了主体群的建筑安全认识水平有显著性差异;生理（性别）变量和年龄变量验证了主体群在对建筑安全事故的了解情况上呈现较多的显著性差异;文化程度变量验证了主体群在建筑安全管理现状上呈现较多的显著性差异;居住地变量未获得明显验证.论文的个案调查证实了关于建筑安全认知水平,不同建筑安全主体群具有显著性的社会学身份属性差异.